Cited by 205Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance.

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Vollaard, Niels B. J., Constantin-Teodosiu, Dimitru, Fredriksson, Katarina, Rooyackers, Olav, Jansson, Eva, Greenhaff, Paul L., Timmons, James A., Sundberg, Carl Johan·2009·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.91453.2008

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Abstract

It has not been established which physiological processes contribute to endurance training-related changes (Δ) in aerobic performance. For example, the relationship between intramuscular metabolic responses at the intensity used during training and improved human functional capacity has not been examined in a longitudinal study. In the present study we hypothesized that improvements in aerobic capacity (V̇o 2max) and metabolic control would combine equally to explain enhanced aerobic performance. Twenty-four sedentary males (24 ± 2 yr; 1.81 ± 0.08 m; 76.6 ± 11.3 kg) undertook supervised cycling training (45 min at 70% of pretraining V̇o 2max) 4 times/wk for 6 wk. Performance was determined using a 15-min cycling time trial, and muscle biopsies were taken before and after a 10-min cycle at 70% of pretraining V̇o 2max to quantify substrate metabolism. Substantial interindividual variability in training-induced adaptations was observed for most parameters, yet “low responders” for ΔV̇o 2max were not consistently low responders for other variables. While V̇o 2max and time trial performance were related at baseline ( r 2= 0.80, P < 0.001), the change in V̇o 2max was completely unrelated to the change in aerobic performance. The maximal parameters ΔV̇e max and ΔVeq max(ΔV̇e/V̇o 2max) accounted for 64% of the variance in ΔV̇o 2max( P < 0.001), whereas Δperformance was related to changes in the submaximal parameters Veq submax( r 2= 0.33; P < 0.01), muscle Δlactate ( r 2= 0.32; P < 0.01), and Δacetyl-carnitine ( r 2= 0.29; P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that improvements in high-intensity aerobic performance in humans are not related to altered maximal oxygen transport capacity. Altered muscle metabolism may provide the link between training stimulus and improved performance, but metabolic parameters do not change in a manner that relates to aerobic capacity changes.

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Influential
Skeletal Muscle PGC1α −1 Nucleosome Position and −260 nt DNA Methylation Determine Exercise Response and Prevent Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Men
Bajpeyi, S., Covington, J. D., Taylor, E. M., Stewart, L. K., Galgani, J. E., & Henagan, T. M. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00051 · Cited by 60
Endurance Running Training Individually Guided by HRV in Untrained Women
da Silva, D. F., Ferraro, Z. M., Adamo, K. B., & Machado, F. A. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002001 · Cited by 58
“This is important given that the interindividual response to training varies substantially after the same standardized training program (38).”
Physical Activity and Exercise Intensity Terminology: A Joint American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Expert Statement and Exercise and Sport Science Australia (ESSA) Consensus Statement
Bishop, D. J., Beck, B. R., Biddle, S., Denay, K. L., Ferri, A., Gibala, M. J., Headley, S., JONES, A. M., Jung, M. E., Lee, M. J.-C., et al. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003795 · Cited by 67
A Systematic Review Examining the Approaches Used to Estimate Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Classify Individual Responses to Exercise Training
Bonafiglia, J. T., Preobrazenski, N., & Gurd, B. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.665044 · Cited by 66
Influence of training intensity on adaptations in acid/base transport proteins, muscle buffer capacity, and repeated-sprint ability in active men
McGinley, C., & Bishop, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2016 · Cited by 51
Negative regulation of HIF in skeletal muscle of elite endurance athletes: a tentative mechanism promoting oxidative metabolism
Lindholm, M. E., Fischer, H., Poellinger, L., Johnson, R. S., Gustafsson, T. P., Sundberg, C. J., & Rundqvist, H. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00036.2013 · Cited by 58
“High skeletal muscle CS activity in response to endurance training is a well-known phenomenon and for both of the human studies included in the study, CS activity was significantly higher in the trained state (44, 45).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of physical activity on the link between PGC-1a and FNDC5 in muscle, circulating Ιrisin and UCP1 of white adipocytes in humans: A systematic review
Dinas, P. C., Lahart, I. M., Timmons, J. A., Svensson, P.-A., Koutedakis, Y., Flouris, A. D., & Metsios, G. S. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11107.2 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Mitochondrial biogenesis-associated factors underlie the magnitude of response to aerobic endurance training in rats
Marton, O., Koltai, E., Takeda, M., Koch, L. G., Britton, S. L., Davies, K. J. A., Boldogh, I. R., & Radak, Z. O. (2014) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1554-7 · Cited by 53
“VO2max, indicating the limited trainability of VO2max reported previously in human studies [40, 39, 17].”
Physical Activity and Exercise Intensity Terminology: A Joint American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Expert Statement and Exercise and Sport Science Australia (ESSA) Consensus Statement
Bishop, D. J., Beck, B. R., Biddle, S., Denay, K. L., Ferri, A., Gibala, M. J., Headley, S., Jones, A., Jung, M. E., Lee, M. J.-C., et al. (2024) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2024.11.004 · Cited by 59
A Discussion on Different Approaches for Prescribing Physical Interventions – Four Roads Lead to Rome, but Which One Should We Choose?
Herold, F., Törpel, A., Hamacher, D., Budde, H., & Gronwald, T. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10030055 · Cited by 48
Association of skeletal muscle and serum metabolites with maximum power output gains in response to continuous endurance or high-intensity interval training programs: The TIMES study – A randomized controlled trial
Castro, A., Duft, R. G., Ferreira, M. L. V., de Andrade, A. L. L., Gáspari, A. F., Silva, L. D. M., Nunes, S. G. D. O., Cavaglieri, C. R., Ghosh, S., Bouchard, C., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212115 · Cited by 49
Theoretical and Biological Evaluation of the Link between Low Exercise Capacity and Disease RiskPreprint
Koch, L. G., & Britton, S. L. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029868 · Cited by 49
“…interest are reports showing that there is wide variation for response to exercise training whereby some individuals experience no improvement (or even declines), whereas others show large gains (Vollaard et al. 2009; Timmons et al. 2010; Keller et al. 2011; Timmons 2011; Bouchard et al. 2012).”
Background
Predictors of individual adaptation to high‐volume or high‐intensity endurance training in recreational endurance runners
Vesterinen, V., Häkkinen, K., Laine, T., Hynynen, E., Mikkola, J., & Nummela, A. T. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12530 · Cited by 46
Physical Activity Enhances Metabolic Fitness Independently of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Marathon Runners
Laye, M. J., Nielsen, M. B., Hansen, L. S., Knudsen, T. A., & Pedersen, B. K. (2015) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2015/806418 · Cited by 46
“[41] find these local changes in muscle metabolism are associated with changes in maximal work capacity more so than VO2max.”
Background
Heart Rate Variability Mainly Relates to Cognitive Executive Functions and Improves Through Exergame Training in Older Adults: A Secondary Analysis of a 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Eggenberger, P., Annaheim, S., Kündig, K. A., Rossi, R. M., Münzer, T., & de Bruin, E. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00197 · Cited by 45
Hormonal and Physiological Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training in Professional Male Canoe Polo Athletes
Sheykhlouvand, M., Khalili, E., Agha-Alinejad, H., & Gharaat, M. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001161 · Cited by 42
“which these adaptations occur is variable (37) and depends”
Background
Variability in Individual Response to Aerobic Exercise Interventions Among Older Adults
Whipple, M. O., Schorr, E. N., Talley, K. M., Lindquist, R. A., Bronas, U. G., & Treat‐Jacobson, D. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0054 · Cited by 42
“In some studies, a fixed proportion of participants with the lowest training response were classified as nonresponders, regardless of the magnitude of change in the outcome of interest (Timmons et al., 2010; Vollaard et al., 2009), while others have considered changes that are less than two standard”
Moving beyond threshold-based dichotomous classification to improve the accuracy in classifying non-responders
Bonafiglia, J. T., Nelms, M. W., Preobrazenski, N., LeBlanc, C., Robins, L., Lu, S., Lithopoulos, A., Walsh, J. J., & Gurd, B. J. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13928 · Cited by 45
“Although this finding is somewhat surprising given that both VO2max and WRPEAK are measured during incremental step tests, the observation that participants do not respond similarly across variables is consistent with previous demonstrations of individual patterns of response (Vollaard et al. 2009; Scharhag-Rosenberge…”
Result
Statistical Considerations for Exercise Protocols Aimed at Measuring Trainability
Voisin, S. A. C., Jacques, M., Lucía, A., Bishop, D. J., & Eynon, N. (2018) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000176 · Cited by 43
Inter-individual variability in adaptation of the leg muscles following a standardised endurance training programme in young women
McPhee, J. S., Williams, A. G., Degens, H., & Jones, D. A. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1454-2 · Cited by 39
“In a conventional laboratory-based endurance training programme participants usually train at a set workload, often of around 70% of the whole-body maximal aerobic capacity ð _ VO2 maxÞ: Even though care may be taken to ensure that the participants all work at the same intensity relative to whole-body _ VO2 max; such…”
Background
The impact of work-matched interval training on V̇O2peak and V̇O2 kinetics: diminishing returns with increasing intensity
Raleigh, J. P., Giles, M. D., Scribbans, T. D., Edgett, B. A., Sawula, L. J., Bonafiglia, J. T., Graham, R. B., & Gurd, B. J. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0614 · Cited by 36
“These results are consistent with previous observations that a low response to training in V̇O2peak is not associated with a low response in several other adaptations associated with metabolic control and/or exercise performance (Vollaard et al. 2009; Scharhag-Rosenberger et al. 2012).”
Result
Divergent physiological characteristics and responses to endurance training among inbred mouse strains
Kilikevičius, A., Venckūnas, T., Zelniene, R., Carroll, A. M., Lionikaite, S., Ratkevičius, A., & Lionikas, A. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01451.x · Cited by 34
“In a human study, the nonresponders in VO2max gain improved in endurance capacity or CS activity to the same extent as the VO2max responders (Vollaard et al., 2009).”
Background
“Question Your Categories”: the Misunderstood Complexity of Middle-Distance Running Profiles With Implications for Research Methods and Application
Sandford, G. N., & Stellingwerff, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2019.00028 · Cited by 41
“Selection of Appropriate Intervention—Are All Stimulus Created Equal? Many papers report responder or-non-responder outcomes following a blanket intervention without inspection of participant profile diversity (see: Gaskill et al., 1999; Vollaard et al., 2009; Timmons et al., 2010; Sylta et al., 2016).”
Background
The incidence of training responsiveness to cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic measurements following individualized and standardized exercise prescription: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Weatherwax, R. M., Harris, N. K., Kilding, A. E., & Dalleck, L. C. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1735-0 · Cited by 34
“Indeed, criteria to determine incidence of response for changes in VO2max have included classifying a fixed proportion of the lowest training response [6], absolute changes in pre- to post-intervention values [7, 8], and a change of more than one standard deviation [9].”
Background
An appraisal of the SD IR as an estimate of true individual differences in training responsiveness in parallel‐arm exercise randomized controlled trials
Bonafiglia, J. T., Brennan, A. M., Ross, R., & Gurd, B. J. (2019) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14163 · Cited by 32
“, 2016; Montero and Lundby, 2017), peak work rate (Vollaard et al., 2009; Montero and Lundby, 2017), lactate threshold”
BackgroundInfluential
Potential Effects on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Status After a Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training Program in Diabetes Patients — a Randomized Controlled Trial
Dibai, D. B., Mendes, R. G., Arakelian, V. M., Caruso, F., Cabiddu, R., Júnior, J. C. B., Arena, R. A., & Borghi‐Silva, A. (2016) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-016-0052-1 · Cited by 34
“Aerobic exercise improves mitochondrial biogenesis [7], the intrinsic oxidative capacity of muscle, and the delivery and utilization of substrates in working muscle [8, 9].”
Background
Molecular profiling of high-level athlete skeletal muscle after acute endurance or resistance exercise – A systems biology approach
Reitzner, S. M., Emanuelsson, E. B., Arif, M., Kaczkowski, B., Kwon, A. T.-J., Mardinoğlu, A., Arner, E., Chapman, M., & Sundberg, C. J. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101857 · Cited by 37
“Previous publications have re-ported long-term exercise training to have a consolidating effect for individual molecular analytes [27] or in response to acute exercise [12], increasing similarity between athletes.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Long-term quercetin supplementation reduces lipid peroxidation but does not improve performance in endurance runners
Scholten, S., & Sergeev (2013) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s39632 · Cited by 29
Optimal homeostatic stress to maximize the homogeneity of adaptations to interval interventions in soccer players
Sheykhlouvand, M., & Gharaat, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1377552 · Cited by 29
Acute upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA correlates with training-induced increases in SDH activity in human skeletal muscle
Bonafiglia, J. T., Edgett, B. A., Baechler, B. L., Nelms, M. W., Simpson, C. A., Quadrilatero, J., & Gurd, B. J. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0463 · Cited by 26
“While this acute and chronic variance provides a practical framework to investigate skeletal muscle mechanisms underlying individual responses, to our knowledge only inter-individual variance in the chronic response to exercise training has been deliberately examined (Vollaard et al. 2009; McPhee et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Critical power and work-prime account for variability in endurance training adaptations not captured by V o 2max
Collins, J., Leach, O. K., Dorff, A., Linde, J., Kofoed, J., Sherman, M. C., Proffit, M., & Gifford, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00344.2022 · Cited by 25
Does blood lactate predict the chronic adaptive response to training: A comparison of traditional and talk test prescription methods
Preobrazenski, N., Bonafiglia, J. T., Nelms, M. W., Lu, S., Robins, L., LeBlanc, C., & Gurd, B. J. (2018) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0343 · Cited by 28
“2017) and changes in V̇O2peak (Bouchard and Rankinen 2001; Vollaard et al. 2009; Zelt et al. 2014; Bonafiglia et al. 2016), WRpeak (Montero and Lundby 2017), and WROBLA (Bonafiglia et al.”
Background
Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training Prescribed Relative to Traditional Intensity Anchors and Physiological Thresholds: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data
Meyler, S., Swinton, P. A., Bottoms, L. M., Dalleck, L. C., Hunter, B., Sarzynski, M. A., Wellsted, D. M., Williams, C. J., & Muniz‐Pumares, D. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02125-x · Cited by 30
Optimal Prescription for Superior Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of Inter-Individual Variability in Adaptations to Small-Sided Games and Short Sprint Interval Training in Young Basketball Players
Xu, H., Song, J., Li, G., & Wang, H. (2024) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2024.305 · Cited by 23
“…2max ) may experience different internal load responses, which can account for varying training-induced adaptations, explaining apparently different training-induced adaptations (responder vs . non-responder when using the percentage of V̇O 2max as internal load indicator) (Vollaard et al., 2009).”
Background
Variability in the magnitude of response of metabolic enzymes reveals patterns of co-ordinated expression following endurance training in women
McPhee, J. S., Williams, A. G., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Degens, H., Baar, K., & Jones, D. A. (2011) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2011.057729 · Cited by 22
“…between people; some previously sedentary individuals show large improvements in enzyme contents, while others show little or no apparent improvements despite completing similar training programmes (Simoneau et al. 1986; Simoneau & Bouchard, 1989; Rico-Sanz et al. 2003; Vollaard et al. 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Reproducibility of peak oxygen consumption and the impact of test variability on classification of individual training responses in young recreationally active adults
Edgett, B. A., Bonafiglia, J. T., Raleigh, J. P., Rotundo, M. P., Giles, M. D., Whittall, J. P., & Gurd, B. J. (2017) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12459 · Cited by 26
Executive control processes are associated with individual fitness outcomes following regular exercise training: blood lactate profile curves and neuroimaging findings
Pensel, M. C., Daamen, M., Scheef, L., Knigge, H., Vega, S. R., Martin, J. A., Schild, H. H., Strüder, H. K., & Boecker, H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23308-3 · Cited by 21
The effects of high-intensity interval training on athletic performance measures: a systematic review
Girard, J., Feng, B., & Chapman, C. (2018) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2018.1462588 · Cited by 22
HIF1A P582S gene association with endurance training responses in young women
McPhee, J. S., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Degens, H., Tomlinson, D. J., Hennis, P. J., Baar, K., & Williams, A. G. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1869-4 · Cited by 23
“VO2max ( Vollaard et al. 2009; McPhee et al. 2010), so measuring only _”
Method
Satellite cell count, VO 2max, and p 38 MAPK in inactive to moderately active young men
Macaluso, F., Brooks, N. E., van de Vyver, M., van Tubbergh, K., Niesler, C. U., & Myburgh, K. H. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01389.x · Cited by 21
“The interindividual variability concept in exercise physiology has been increasingly studied over the last few years (Vollaard et al., 2009).”
Background
Physiological determinants of best performance in marathon running.
Capelli, C., & Ferretti, G. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01259.2010 · Cited by 1
A systematic upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial genes is not present in the initial postexercise recovery period in human skeletal muscle
Scribbans, T. D., Edgett, B. A., Bonafiglia, J. T., Baechler, B. L., Quadrilatero, J., & Gurd, B. J. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0455 · Cited by 20
“…that the genetic diversity of humans and the large degree of heterogeneity in responses to exercise between individuals (Bouchard and Rankinen 2001, Vollaard et al. 2009) could potentially mask a coordinated response at the group level, we also examined the relationship between individual changes…”
Background
Correction: Molecular Networks of Human Muscle Adaptation to Exercise and Age
Phillips, B. E., Williams, J. P., Gustafsson, T. P., Bouchard, C., Rankinen, T., Knudsen, S., Smith, K., Timmons, J. A., & Atherton, P. J. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/annotation/0dd3671e-1460-48fa-9d6a-2865dce78c07 · Cited by 20
Self-citation
The Effect of a High-Intensity PrO2Fit Inspiratory Muscle Training Intervention on Physiological and Psychological Health in Adults with Bronchiectasis: A Mixed-Methods Study
McCreery, J. L., Mackintosh, K. A., Mills-Bennett, R., & McNarry, M. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063051 · Cited by 18
“The discrepancies in the effect of VO2max are contradictory to what might be expected, given the well-established relationship between baseline fitness and the magnitude of change elicited by traditional exercise interventions [46].”
Background
Individual patterns of response to traditional and modified sprint interval training
Schulhauser, K. T., Bonafiglia, J. T., McKie, G. L., McCarthy, S. F., Islam, H., Townsend, L. K., Grisebach, D., Todd, C., Gurd, B. J., & Hazell, T. J. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1857507 · Cited by 20
“Consistent with previous literature (Bonafiglia et al., 2018, 2016; Gurd et al., 2016; Raleigh et al., 2018; Vollaard et al., 2009), the present study demonstrated a wide range of responses to all SIT protocols, both between groups and within groups (Figure 1).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine availability does not alter the adaptations to high‐intensity interval training
Shannon, C. E., Ghasemi, R., Greenhaff, P. L., & Stephens, F. B. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12885 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Short-term changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to exercise training and the association with long-term cardiorespiratory fitness decline: the STRRIDE Reunion Study
Pandey, A., Johnson, J. L., Slentz, C. A., Ross, L. M., Agusala, V., Berry, J. D., & Kraus, W. E. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.012876 · Cited by 17
“not strongly related to CRF improvements.(33,34) These findings also suggest that the potential legacy effect of CRF improvement with short-term training may be unique to age-related CRF decline.”
Background
Monitoring Training Adaptation With a Submaximal Running Test Under Field Conditions
Vesterinen, V., Nummela, A. T., Äyrämö, S., Laine, T., Hynynen, E., Mikkola, J., & Häkkinen, K. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0366 · Cited by 17

Authors: Vollaard, N. B. J., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Fredriksson, K., Rooyackers, O., Jansson, E., Greenhaff, P. L., Timmons, J. A., & Sundberg, C. J.
Affiliations: Stockholm University (SE)
Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
University of Nottingham (GB)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author: Timmons, James A.
ORCID: Vollaard, Niels B. J.
Rooyackers, Olav
Jansson, Eva
Greenhaff, Paul L.
Timmons, James A.
Sundberg, Carl Johan
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2009-05
Volume: 106
Issue: 5
Pages: 1479-1486
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91453.2008
OpenAlex: W2121236814
Cited by: 205
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 30.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
dspace.stir.ac.uk
Licence: public-domain
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance training, aerobic performance, substrate metabolism, muscle lactate, acetyl-L-carnitine, cycling time trial, training-induced adaptations, interindividual variability, sedentary men
MeSH terms: Acetylcarnitine, Adaptation, Physiological, Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adult, Biopsy, Citrate (si)-Synthase, Electron Transport Complex IV, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Lactic Acid, Electron Transport Complex I, Quadriceps Muscle, Young Adult

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Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance.

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