The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance.
Open accessAbstract
It has not been established which physiological processes contribute to endurance training-related changes (Δ) in aerobic performance. For example, the relationship between intramuscular metabolic responses at the intensity used during training and improved human functional capacity has not been examined in a longitudinal study. In the present study we hypothesized that improvements in aerobic capacity (V̇o 2max) and metabolic control would combine equally to explain enhanced aerobic performance. Twenty-four sedentary males (24 ± 2 yr; 1.81 ± 0.08 m; 76.6 ± 11.3 kg) undertook supervised cycling training (45 min at 70% of pretraining V̇o 2max) 4 times/wk for 6 wk. Performance was determined using a 15-min cycling time trial, and muscle biopsies were taken before and after a 10-min cycle at 70% of pretraining V̇o 2max to quantify substrate metabolism. Substantial interindividual variability in training-induced adaptations was observed for most parameters, yet “low responders” for ΔV̇o 2max were not consistently low responders for other variables. While V̇o 2max and time trial performance were related at baseline ( r 2= 0.80, P < 0.001), the change in V̇o 2max was completely unrelated to the change in aerobic performance. The maximal parameters ΔV̇e max and ΔVeq max(ΔV̇e/V̇o 2max) accounted for 64% of the variance in ΔV̇o 2max( P < 0.001), whereas Δperformance was related to changes in the submaximal parameters Veq submax( r 2= 0.33; P < 0.01), muscle Δlactate ( r 2= 0.32; P < 0.01), and Δacetyl-carnitine ( r 2= 0.29; P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that improvements in high-intensity aerobic performance in humans are not related to altered maximal oxygen transport capacity. Altered muscle metabolism may provide the link between training stimulus and improved performance, but metabolic parameters do not change in a manner that relates to aerobic capacity changes.
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“Using a fixed percentage of a maximally achievable value of oxygen uptake or heart rate involves a considerable amount of interindividual heterogeneity in other markers of internal load (e.g., metabolic responses objectified by, for instance, peripheral blood lactate)”
From Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research (2019) · cites this paper as Vollaard et al., 2009
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Cites
Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance
BASSETT, D. R. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012 · Cited by 2,410 · cited 4×
“Previously, it has been concluded that V˙ O 2max sets the upper limit for aerobic performance (3, 11), but this has little relevance for maximal work performance over extended durations, where it is not possible to maintain exercise at V˙ O 2max .”
InfluentialAMPK and PPARδ Agonists Are Exercise Mimetics
Narkar, V. A., Downes, M., Yu, R. T., Embler, E., Wang, Y.-X., Banayo, E., Mihaylova, M. M., Nelson, M. C., Zou, Y., Juguilon, H., et al. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051 · Cited by 1,222
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“A high V̇O2max is associated with reduced risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease (9, 35, 50), and training-induced changes in V̇O2max have been shown to correlate with changes in risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular disease and mortality (29, 51).”
BackgroundA calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway controls skeletal muscle fiber typePreprint
Chin, E. R., Olson, E. N., Richardson, J. A., Yang, Q., Humphries, C. G., Shelton, J. M., Wu, H., Zhu, W., Bassel‐Duby, R., & Williams, R. S. (1998) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.12.16.2499 · Cited by 1,015 · cited 1×
“The potential for metabolic-responsive processes such as calcium-mediated signaling (8) or AMPK activation (32) as mediators of adaptations in aerobic performance would be consistent with our present analysis.”
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Individual differences in response to regular physical activity
BOUCHARD, C., & RANKINEN, T. (2001) · Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200106001-00013 · Cited by 939 · cited 2×
“Indeed, the fact that some individuals do not improve V˙ O 2max in response to a standardized aerobic training program has been known for over two decades (25, 39) and was convincingly demonstrated by Bouchard et al. (6) in a large cohort in the HERITAGE Family Study.”
Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes
Saltin, B., & Astrand, P. O. (1967) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.353 · Cited by 798 · cited 1×
“In support of this view, V˙ O 2max and aerobic performance are positively correlated in athletes of mixed ability (15, 24, 27, 42), with well-trained endurance athletes achieving values for V˙ O 2max over twice those of sedentary individuals (42).”
Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power
Paavolainen, L. M., Häkkinen, K., Hämäläinen, I., Nummela, A. T., & Rusko, H. K. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1527 · Cited by 694
Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation
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“…a training effect in endurance training studies (3), and V˙ O 2max is often used to quantify and standardize exercise intensity for training studies (13, 18, 38), submaximal time-to-exhaustion performance trials (28, 37), and studying metabolic responses to submaximal exercise (1, 41).”
Church, T. S., LaMonte, M. J., Barlow, C. E., & Blair, S. N. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.18.2114 · Cited by 445
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Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation
Egan, B., & Zierath, J. R. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012 · Cited by 2,084
“…in whole-body aerobic fitness measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and reflect enhancements in the intrinsic oxidative capacity of muscle, and the delivery and utilization of substrates in working muscle during subsequent exercise bouts (Phillips et al., 1996; Vollaard et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBuchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x · Cited by 1,490
“Consequently, despite our limited understanding of the dose-response relationship between the training load and training-induced changes in physical capacities and performance (which generally shows large inter-individual responses [19, 20]), there has been a growing interest by the sport science community for charact…”
BackgroundInternal and External Training Load: 15 Years On
Impellizzeri, F. M., Marcora, S., & Coutts, A. J. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935 · Cited by 982
“23 In addition, from a conceptual point of view, there are additional advantages in integrating internal and external load measures for monitoring training.”
High-Intensity Interval Training, Solutions to the Programming Puzzle
Buchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0066-5 · Cited by 970
“responses [19, 20]), there has been a growing interest by the sport science community for characterizing training protocols that allow athletes to maintain the longest time [90 % _ VO2max (T@ _ VO2max; see Midgley and McNaughton [14] for review).”
Malm, C., Jakobsson, J., & Isaksson, A. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7050127 · Cited by 774
Metadata
- Authors
- Vollaard, N. B. J., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Fredriksson, K., Rooyackers, O., Jansson, E., Greenhaff, P. L., Timmons, J. A., & Sundberg, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Timmons, James A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1479-1486
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2121236814
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 30.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.stir.ac.uk
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance training, aerobic performance, substrate metabolism, muscle lactate, acetyl-L-carnitine, cycling time trial, training-induced adaptations, interindividual variability, sedentary men
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcarnitine, Adaptation, Physiological, Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adult, Biopsy, Citrate (si)-Synthase, Electron Transport Complex IV, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Lactic Acid, Electron Transport Complex I, Quadriceps Muscle, Young Adult
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