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Orbitofrontal cortex neurons: role in olfactory and visual association learning
Abstract
1. The orbitofrontal cortex is implicated in the rapid learning of new associations between visual stimuli and primary reinforcers such as taste. It is also the site of convergence of information from olfactory, gustatory, and visual modalities. To investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying the formation of odor-taste associations, we made recordings from olfactory neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex during the performance of an olfactory discrimination task and its reversal in macaques. 2. It was found that 68% of odor-responsive neurons modified their responses after the changes in the taste reward associations of the odorants. Full reversal of the neuronal responses was seen in 25% of these neurons. Extinction of the differential neuronal responses after task reversal was seen in 43% of these neurons. 3. For comparison, visually responsive orbitofrontal neurons were tested during reversal of a visual discrimination task. Seventy-one percent of these visual cells showed rapid full reversal of the visual stimulus to which they responded, when the association of the visual with taste was reversed in the reversal task. 4. These demonstrate that of many orbitofrontal cortex olfactory neurons on the taste with which the odor is associated. 5. This modification is likely to be important for setting the motivational value of olfactory for feeding and other rewarded behavior. However, it is less complete, and much slower, than the modifications found or orbit frontal visual during visual-taste reversal. This relative inflexibility of olfactory responses is consistent with the need for some stability is odor-taste associations to facilitate the formation and perception of flavors.
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“In visual discrimination reversal experiments, neurons in the macaque OFC reverse the visual stimulus in as little as one trial when the reward versus punishment taste received as an outcome for the choice reverses (Thorpe et al., 1983; Rolls et al., 1996).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Rolls et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“These neurons do not respond to expected punishers [e.g. the discriminative stimulus for saline in Fig. 4C; (Thorpe et al., 1983)], but other neurons do respond to expected punishers (Rolls et al., 1996), showing that non-reward and punishment are represented by different neurons in the OFC.”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Rolls et al., 1996
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rolls, E. T., Critchley, H. D., Mason, R., & Wakeman, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1996-05-01
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1970-1981
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W1959149129
- Cited by
- 398
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- orbitofrontal cortex, odor discrimination, visual discrimination, reversal learning, extinction, olfactory sensory neurons, visual neurons, flavor perception, macaque, single-unit recording
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Association Learning, Behavior, Animal, Cerebral Cortex, Discrimination, Psychological, Macaca fascicularis, Microelectrodes, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Odorants, Orbit, Photic Stimulation, Radiography, Reinforcement, Psychology, Smell, Vision, Ocular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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