Chapter 14 Descending motor pathways and the spinal motor system: Limbic and non-limbic components

Holstege, Gert

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63057-5

Cited by 323Motor Control and AdaptationNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Chapter 14 Descending motor pathways and the spinal motor system: Limbic and non-limbic components

Holstege, Gert·1991·Progress in brain research

DOI 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63057-5

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The lateral hypothalamic area is reciprocally connected with the brain regions that conduct information on visceral and somatic outputs characterized as emotional.
“In other words, the lateral hypothalamic area is reciprocally connected with the brain regions that conduct information on visceral and somatic outputs characterized as emotional (Bandler et al., 1991; Holstege, 1991; Nieuwenhuys, 1996; Saper, 2002).”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Holstege, 1991
PC6 indicates high loadings of structures involved in descending motor pathways (spinocerebellum, mesencephalon and medulla).
“PC6 indicates high loadings of structures involved in descending motor pathways (spinocerebellum, mesencephalon and medulla) [60]”
From Brain reorganization, not relative brain size, primarily characterizes anthropoid brain evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [60]

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Some anatomical observations on the projections from the hypothalamus to brainstem and spinal cord: An HRP and autoradiographic tracing study in the cat
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Sites and mode of termination of reticulo‐spinal fibers in the cat. An experimental study with silver impregnation methods
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Neuroanatomy of the oculomotor system.
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The medial forebrain bundle of the rat. I. General introduction
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Intrinsic membrane properties causing a bistable behaviour of ?-motoneurones
Hounsgaard, J., Hultborn, H., Jespersen, B., & Kiehn, O. (1984) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00237290 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
The Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord, their Anatomy and Function
Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1964) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64048-0 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Deficit in the lordosis reflex of female rats caused by lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
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Monoamine cell distribution in the cat brain stem. A fluorescence histochemical study with quantification of indolaminergic and locus coeruleus cell groups
Wiklund, L., Léager, L., & Persson, M. (1981) · The Journal of comparative neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902030405 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Projections of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata in the cat
Holstege, G., Meiners, L. C., & Tan, K. (1985) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235319 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
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Spinal origin of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat
Strack, A. M., Sawyer, W. B., Marubio, L. M., & Loewy, A. D. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90132-1 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Selective prefrontal cortical projections to the region of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei in the rhesus monkey
Arnsten, A. F. T., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90351-2 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Function of the ventrolateral medulla in the control of the circulation
Ciriello, J., Caverson, M. M., & Polosa, C. (1986) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(86)90005-6 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Connections of midbrain periaqueductal gray in the monkey. II. Descending efferent projections
Mantyh, P. W. (1983) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1983.49.3.582 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
An electrophysiological demonstration of the axonal projections of single spinal interneurones in the cat
Jankowska, E., & Roberts, W. J. (1972) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009817 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Chapter 13 Integration of somatic and autonomic reactions within the midbrain periaqueductal grey: Viscerotopic, somatotopic and functional organization
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The Neurophysiology of Micturition: A Clinical Study of 550 Patients
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Some projections from the peri‐central cortex to the pons and lower brain stem in monkey and chimpanzee
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Sites and mode of termination of fibers of the vestibulospinal tract in the cat. An experimental study with silver impregnation methods
Nyberg-Hansen, R., & Mascitti, T. A. (1964) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901220307 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Anatomical study of the final common pathway for vocalization in the cat
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Morphology and enzyme histochemistry of dorsal muscles of the cat neck
RICHMOND, F. J. R., & Abrahams, V. C. (1975) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1975.38.6.1312 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Muscle-fiber compartmentalization in cat splenius muscles
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Respiratory synchronizing function of nucleus parabrachialis medialis: pneumotaxic mechanisms.
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The lateral respiratory neurones of the medulla: Their associations with nucleus ambiguus, nucleus retroambigualis, the spinal accessory nucleus and the spinal cord
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Afferent projections to the preoptic area and hypothalamic regions in the rat brain
Berk, M. L., & Finkelstein, J. A. (1981) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(81)90227-x · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Evidence for enkephalin immunoreactive neurons in the medulla oblongata projecting to the spinal cord
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Influence of superior colliculus on cat neck motoneurons.
Anderson, M. E., Yoshida, M., & Wilson, V. J. (1971) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1971.34.5.898 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Atlas of catecholamine perikarya, varicosities and pathways in the brainstem of the cat
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Somatotopic localization in cat motor cortex
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Efferent connections of the ventral medulla oblongata in the rat
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Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die olivocerebellare Lokalisation
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Afferent connections of the median preoptic nucleus in the rat: Anatomical evidence for a cardiovascular integrative mechanism in the anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) region
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Origin and termination of fibers from the vestibular nuclei descending in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. An experimental study with silver impregnation methods in the cat
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Morphology of interneurones mediating Ia reciprocal inhibition of motoneurones in the spinal cord of the cat
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PATHOLOGICAL EYE-HEAD COORDINATION IN ROLL: TONIC OCULAR TILT REACTION IN MESENCEPHALIC AND MEDULLARY LESIONS
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Afferent connections of the rostral medulla of the cat: A neural substrate for midbrain‐medullary interactions in the modulation of pain
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A study of the origin of brain stem projections to monkey spinal cord using the retrograde transport method
Kneisley, L. W., Biber, M. P., & LaVail, J. H. (1978) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(78)90172-3 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Distribution of acetylcholine and catecholamine neurons in the cat brainstem: A choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study
Jones, B. E., & Beaudet, A. (1987) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902610103 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Inhibition of spinothalamic tract cells and interneurons by brain stem stimulation in the monkey
Willis, W. D., Haber, L. H., & Martin, R. F. (1977) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1977.40.4.968 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Magnocellular Hypothalamic Projections to the Lower Brain Stem and Spinal Cord of the Rat
Nilaver, G., Zimmerman, E. A., Wilkins, J., Michaels, J., Hoffman, D., & Silverman, A. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000122991 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The organization of the bulbar fibre connections to the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal motor nuclei. II. An autoradiographic tracing study in cat.
Holstege, G., Kuypers, H. G. J. M., & Dekker, J. J. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 272 · see citing works
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Projections of pyramidal tract cells to alpha‐motoneurones innervating hind‐limb muscles in the monkey.
Jankowska, E., Padel, Y., & Tanaka, R. (1975) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011035 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Immunoreactive substance P and serotonin present in the same dense-core vesicles
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Central origins of cranial nerve parasympathetic neurons in the rat
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Origin and termination of the diencephalo-spinal dopamine system in the rat
Skagerberg, G., Björklund, A., Lindvall, O., & Schmidt, R. H. (1982) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90136-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
A role of insular cortex in cardiovascular function
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Efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area of the rat: An autoradiographic investigation
Berk, M. L., & Finkelstein, J. A. (1982) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90009-0 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat
Alstermark, B., Lundberg, A., Norrsell, U., & Sybirska, E. H. (1981) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00237496 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Switching of the respiratory phases and evoked phrenic responses produced by rostral pontine electrical stimulation
Cohen, M. I. (1971) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009563 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Reticulospinal excitation and inhibition of neck motoneurons
Peterson, B. W., Pitts, N. G., Fukushima, K., & Mackel, R. G. (1978) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00239548 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Role of the nucleus parabrachialis in cardiovascular regulation in cat
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The morphology of hair follicle afferent fibre collaterals in the spinal cord of the cat
Brown, A. G., Rose, P. K., & Snow, P. J. (1977) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp012073 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Descending projections from the pontine micturition center
Loewy, A. D., Saper, C. B., & Baker, R. P. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90584-5 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Monosynaptic inhibition of neck motoneurons by the medial vestibular nucleus
Wilson, V. J., & Yoshida, M. (1969) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235245 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Supraspinal contributions to the initiation and control of locomotion in the cat
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Spinal projections from the midbrain in monkey
Castiglioi, A. J., Gallaway, M. C., & Coulter, J. D. (1978) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901780208 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Experimental demonstration of a somatotopical origin of rubrospinal fibers in the cat
Pompeiano, O., & Brodal, A. (1957) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901080204 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Localization of masticatory motoneurons in the cat and rat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase
Mizuno, N., Konishi, A., & Sato, M. (1975) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901640109 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Evaluation of a radioautographic neuroanatomical tracing method
Lasek, R. J., Joseph, B. S., & Whitlock, D. (1968) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(68)90052-8 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
The development and postnatal organization of motor nuclei in the rat thoracic spinal cord
Smithm, C. L., & Hollyday, M. (1983) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902200104 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Precentral projections to different parts of the spinal intermediate zone in the rhesus monkey
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., & Brinkman, J. (1970) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(70)90272-6 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The efferent connections of the nucleus of the optic tract and the superior colliculus in the rabbit
Holstege, G., & Collewijn, H. (1982) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902090204 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
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Dorsal respiratory group neurons in the medulla of cat: Spinal projections, responses to lung inflation and superior laryngeal nerve stimulation
Berger, A. J. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)91028-9 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Spinal projections from the lower brain stem in the cat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique. I. Origins of the reticulospinal tracts and their funicular trajectories
Tohyama, M., Sakai, K., Salvert, D., Touret, M., & Jouvet, M. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90237-3 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Localization of vagal cardioinhibitory preganglionic neurons within rat brain stem
Nosaka, S., Yamamoto, T., & Yasunaga, K. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901860106 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Reticulospinal neurons with and without monosynaptic inputs from cerebellar nuclei
Eccles, J. C., Nicoll, R. A., Schwarz, W. F., Táboříková, H., & Willey, T. J. (1975) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1975.38.3.513 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BULBAR FIBRE CONNECTIONS TO THE TRIGEMINAL, FACIAL AND HYPOGLOSSAL MOTOR NUCLEI
Holstege, G., Kuypers, H. G. J. M., & Dekker, J. J. (1977) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/100.2.265 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
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The topographical organization of neurons in the rat medial frontal, insular and olfactory cortex projecting to the solitary nucleus, olfactory bulb, periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus
Neafsey, E. J., Hurley-Gius, K. M., & Arvanitis, D. L. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90867-x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
LATE BLINK REFLEX CHANGES IN LATERAL MEDULLARY LESIONS
de Visser, B. W. O., & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1978) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/101.2.285 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The location and termination of tectospinal fibers in the cat
Nyberg-Hansen, R. (1964) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(64)90018-4 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Anatomical evidence for direct brain stem projections to the somatic motoneuronal cell groups and autonomic preganglionic cell groups in cat spinal cord
Holstege, G., Kuypers, H. G. J. M., & Boer, R. C. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90337-8 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
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Organization of diencephalic dopamine neurones projecting to the spinal cord in the rat
Skagerberg, G., & Lindvall, O. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91134-5 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Central representation of affective reactions in forebrain and brain stem: electrical stimulation of amygdala, stria terminalis, and adjacent structures
de Molina, A. F., & Hunsperger, R. W. (1959) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006140 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Autogenetic inhibition of motoneurones by impulses in group Ia muscle spindle afferents.
Fetz, E. E., Jankowska, E., Johannisson, T., & Lipski, J. (1979) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012884 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Facilitation of lumbar monosynaptic reflexes by locus coeruleus in the rat
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Brainstem projections from the lateral hypothalamic area in the rat, as studied with autoradiography
Hosoya, Y., & Matsushita, M. (1981) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(81)90232-9 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat
Illert, M., Lundberg, A., Padel, Y., et al. (1978) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00238798 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of γ-aminobutyric acid and serotonin in one nerve cell. A study on the raphe nuclei of the rat using antibodies to glutamate decarboxylase and serotonin
Belin, M., Nanopoulos, D., Didier‐Bazès, M., Aguera, M., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Verhofstad, A. A. J., Maître, M., & Pujol, J. F. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90994-0 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The morphology of group Ia afferent fibre collaterals in the spinal cord of the cat.
Brown, A. G., & Fyffe, R. E. W. (1978) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012137 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit
Yeo, C. H., Hardiman, M. J., & Glickstein, M. (1986) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235649 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The mesencephalic locomotor region. I. Activation of a medullary projection site
García‐Rill, E., & Skinner, R. D. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90675-5 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The nucleus of the facial nerve; the relation between cellular groups and peripheral branches of the nerve
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“Perestroika” in the basal forebrain: Opening the border between neurology and psychiatry
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Minimal synaptic actions of pyrimidal impulses on some alpha motoneurones of the baboon's hand and forearm
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A study of motor cell localization in the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey
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Characterization of inhibition of a spinal nociceptive reflex by stimulation medially and laterally in the midbrain and medulla in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rat
Sandkühler, J., & Gebhart, G. F. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)91120-x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
THE RUBROSPINAL AND CENTRAL TEGMENTAL TRACTS IN MAN
Nathan, P. W., & SMITH, M. C. (1982) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/105.2.223 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The projection of jaw elevator muscle spindle afferents to fifth nerve motoneurones in the cat.
Appenteng, K., O'Donovan, M. J., Somjen, G., et al. (1978) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012353 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Functional properties of neurons in cat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn). II. Modulation of responses to noxious and nonnoxious stimuli by periaqueductal gray, nucleus raphe magnus, cerebral cortex, and afferent influences, and effect of naloxone.
Sessle, B. J., Hu, J., Dubner, R. A., et al. (1981) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1981.45.2.193 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Oculomotor areas in the rabbit's midbrain and pretectum
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Maintained changes in motoneuronal excitability by short‐lasting synaptic inputs in the decerebrate cat.
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Reticulospinal Projections to Spinal Motor Nuclei
Peterson, B. W. (1979) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.41.030179.001015 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Amygdalopetal projections in the cat. II. Subcortical afferent connections. A study with retrograde tracing techniques
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Organization of descending serotonergic projections to the spinal cord
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Subcorticospinal projections in the Rhesus monkey
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Membrane excitability changes in hindlimb motoneurons induced by stimulation of the locus coeruleus in cats
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Mesencephalic mechanisms for integration of female reproductive behavior in the rat
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Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002046 · Cited by 2,046 · see citing works
Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex
Ikemoto, S. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
Dynamic Sensorimotor Interactions in Locomotion
Rossignol, S., Dubuc, R., & Gossard, J.-P. (2006) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00028.2005 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: modules for emotional expression?
Bandler, R., & Shipley, M. T. (1994) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90047-7 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
a neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding: implications for conceptualizing a human trait of affiliation
depue, R. A., & morrone-strupinsky, J. V. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000063 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), a GABAergic afferent to midbrain dopamine neurons, encodes aversive stimuli and inhibits motor responses.
Jhou, T. C., Fields, H. L., Baxter, M. G., Saper, C. B., & Holland, P. C. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.02.001 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Neural recording and modulation technologies
Chen, R., Canales, A., & Anikeeva, P. (2017) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2016.93 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
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Self-citation
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Authors: Holstege, G.
Affiliations: Ames Research Center (US)
Corresponding author: Holstege, Gert
ORCID: Holstege, Gert
Venue: Progress in brain research
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 1991
Pages: 307-421
ISSN: 0079-6123 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63057-5
OpenAlex: W2604898199
Cited by: 323
References: 520
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 13.04
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Progress in brain research (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: descending motor pathways, motor neurons, motor units, spinal cord

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Chapter 14 Descending motor pathways and the spinal motor system: Limbic and non-limbic components

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