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Cited by 73Child Nutrition and Water AccessWater Resource Management and QualityEnergy and Environment Impacts

A multilevel analysis of regressors of access to improved drinking water and sanitation facilities in Ghana

Open access
Agbadi, Pascal, Darkwah, Ernest, Kenney, Paul L.·2019·Journal of Environmental and Public Health
DOI 10.1155/2019/3983869PMC PMC6589203
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Abstract

People's access to quality water and sanitation resources significantly improves their health. Using the 2014 Ghana DHS dataset, multilevel robust Poisson regression modelling was performed to investigate the factors that enhance Ghanaian households' access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities. The results indicated that household head and household socioeconomic factors have significant effects on access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities, and this varies from one community of residence to another. The following households had a higher probability of having access to improved sources of drinking water: female-headed households, households with heads who had at least attained middle-school-level education, urban households, and nonpoorest households. Correspondingly, the following households were more likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: female-headed households had a higher chance of access, as well as those whose heads had at least middle-school-level education, were at least 35 years old, or were currently married, rural households, households with a minimum of seven members, and households who attained at least middle wealth status. In their efforts to increase citizens' access to improved water and sanitation facilities, the government and other development organizations should develop citizens' wealth-creation capacities and enable their attainment of formal education.

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  • In Ghana, household responsibilities that require water use such as cooking, cleaning and laundry are mostly performed by women.

    “In Ghana, household responsibilities that require water use such as cooking, cleaning and laundry are mostly performed by women.”

    From Demographic disparities in unimproved drinking water and sanitation in Ghana: a nationally representative cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Discussion says that, relative to men, most sub-Saharan African women have greater responsibility for water-intensive tasks including cooking, cleaning, and laundry. It offers this as a possible explanation for a finding about Ghanaian households, rather than establishing that women perform most of those tasks in Ghana specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Female heads may seek to reduce the burden of getting water from unimproved sources by ensuring the household has access to improved water within the house.

    “As such, it may be that female heads seek to reduce the burden of getting water from unimproved sources which are mostly distanced away from the house by making sure that the household has access to improved water within the house.19”

    From Demographic disparities in unimproved drinking water and sanitation in Ghana: a nationally representative cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Discussion proposes that female heads may seek to avoid fetching water from distant places by ensuring good household access to water, and the Results report greater access to improved drinking-water sources in female-headed households. It does not say the improved source is within the house or that the distant sources are necessarily unimproved; the Discussion includes public taps, boreholes, and sachet water among improved sources. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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  • Households with more members are likely to contribute and mobilise resources for the construction of improved toilet facilities.

    “The possible explanation could be that households with more members are likely to contribute and mobilise resources for the construction of improved toilet facilities.19 28”

    From Demographic disparities in unimproved drinking water and sanitation in Ghana: a nationally representative cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [19]

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1 of the 20 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [9]Mulenga J. N. Bwalya B. B. Kaliba-Chishimba K. Determinants and inequalities in access to improved water sources and sanitation among the Zambian households International Journal of Development and Sustainability 2017 6 8 746 762
  2. [13]Prasetyoputra P. Irianti S. Access to improved sanitation facilities in Indonesia: an econometric analysis of geographical and socioeconomic disparities Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation 2013 8 3 215 224
  3. [34]Dangah M. M. The role of NGOs in the provision of water and sanitation in Northern Ghana: the case of pronet in the Nadowli district geography and rural development 2012 Kumasi, Ghana Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology MPhil thesis

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Authors
Agbadi, P., Darkwah, E., & Kenney, P. L.
Affiliations
  • Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (GH)
  • University of Ghana (GH)
Corresponding author
Agbadi, Pascal
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Environmental and Public Health
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2019-06-04
Volume
2019
Pages
1-11
ISSN
  • 1687-9805 (ISSN-L)
  • 1687-9813
DOI
10.1155/2019/3983869
PMC
PMC6589203
OpenAlex
W2948843443
Cited by
73
References
20
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3
FWCI
3.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Environmental and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
Keywords
improved sanitation, female-headed households, household education, household wealth, urban-rural differences, household size, Ghana
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Family Characteristics, Female, Ghana, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sanitation, Socioeconomic Factors, Toilet Facilities, Water Supply, Multilevel Analysis, Young Adult

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