Effect of Socio-economic Factors on Access to Improved Water Sources and Basic Sanitation in Bomet Municipality, Kenya
Open accessAbstract
The study presents data collected in an assessment on the effects of socioeconomic factors on access to improved water sources and basic sanitation in Bomet municipality. Bomet municipality is one of the areas in Kenya where water borne diseases such as intestinal worms, diarrhea and bilharzia are most prevalent. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between socioeconomic factors and access to improved water and basic sanitation. A Multi-stage random sampling method was used to obtain the sample. The questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection. Analysis of data was done using the SPSS. Chi-Square test at 5% level of significance was used to analyze socioeconomic factors that determined household access to improved water and sanitation. The findings show that households’ characteristics such as occupation and education level of the household head have a strong impact on the type of water source used by household as indicated by significance level of 0.01. The study also confirms that the type of toilet facility used by household was significantly influenced by the marital status of household head as indicated by significance level of 0.02. There is need for inclusive growth, basic education and women empowerment in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Koskei's study found that educational level of household head has a close relationship with access and use of sanitation facilities.
“This is consistent with a study carried out by Koskei which revealed that educational level of HH has close relationship with access and use of sanitation facilities [21].”
From Determinants of access to improved sanitation facilities in rural districts of southern Ghana: evidence from Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
Cites
Carter, R. C., Tyrrel, S., & Howsam, P. (1999) · Water and Environment Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The Water Poverty Index: an International ComparisonPreprint
Lawrence, P., Meigh, J., & Sullivan, C. A. (2002) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Socioeconomic differentials and availability of domestic water in South Africa
Dungumaro, E. W. (2007) · Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C · doi:10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Global issues for global citizens: an introduction to key development challenges
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-5760 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Female Headship, Feminization of Poverty and Welfare
Kimenyi, M. S., & Mbaku, J. M. (1995) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/1061374 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
[Pollution of the groundwater in the city of Niamey, Niger].
Chippaux, J., Houssier, S., Gross, P., Bouvier, C., & Brissaud, F. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Franzel, S., & Crawford, E. W. (1987) · Agricultural Administration and Extension · doi:10.1016/0269-7475(87)90007-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
9 Population and Water Resources
Geping, Q., & Li, J. (1994) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781685854782-012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abubakar, I. R. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9040547 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Factors influencing household access to drinking water in Nigeria
Abubakar, I. R. (2019) · Utilities Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jup.2019.03.005 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Water Access in Rural Areas of Low and Middle Income Countries
Gómez, M. S., Perdiguero, J., & Sanz, À. (2019) · Water · doi:10.3390/w11020202 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Agbadi, P., Darkwah, E., & Kenney, P. L. (2019) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2019/3983869 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Akpakli, D. E., Manyeh, A. K., Akpakli, J. K., Kukula, V., & Gyapong, M. (2018) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3572-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
James, N., Bwalya, B. B., & Chishimba, K. K. (2017) · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gebremichael, S. G., Yismaw, E., Tsegaw, B. D., & Shibeshi, A. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239502 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Socio-Economic Factors Related to Drinking Water Source and Sanitation in Malaysia
Kong, Y., Anis-Syakira, J., Fun, W. H., Balqis-Ali, N. Z., Shakirah, M. S., & Sararaks, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217933 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ruiz-Diaz, M. S., Mora-García, G., Madrid, G. S., Alario, Á., & Gómez‐Camargo, D. (2017) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0305 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Akoteyon, I. S. (2019) · Bulletin of Geography Socio-economic series · doi:10.2478/bog-2019-0001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Li, H., Cohen, A., Li, Z. J., & Zhang, M. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11010085 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dongzagla, A. (2021) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-021-10534-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ondieki, J. K., Akunga, D., Warutere, P., & Kenyanya, O. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09419 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nchofoung, T. N., Nkemgha, G. Z., Fokam, D. N. D. T., & Kengdo, A. A. N. (2023) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-023-01361-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Khan, S. U., & Sheikh, M. R. (2023) · Groundwater for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2023.100933 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Onohuean, H., & Nwodo, U. U. (2023) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11270-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Desenvolvimento humano e desigualdades regionais nos municípios brasileiros
Mendes, W. D. A., Ferreira, M. A. M., de Faria, E. R., & Abrantes, L. A. (2020) · Latin American Research Review · doi:10.25222/larr.555 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Alemayehu, M. A., Agimas, M. C., Shewaye, D. A., Derseh, N. M., & Aragaw, F. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Water · doi:10.3389/frwa.2023.1166733 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mugumya, T., Isunju, J. B., Ssekamatte, T., Wafula, S. T., & Mugambe, R. K. (2020) · Journal of Water and Health · doi:10.2166/wh.2020.230 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mensah, J. (2019) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2019.024 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Maniragaba, F., Nzabona, A., Lwanga, C., Ariho, P., & Kwagala, B. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291980 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nworie, K. M., & Aluh, D. O. (2018) · Family Medicine & Medical Science Research · doi:10.4172/2327-4972.1000229 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lufingo, M. (2019) · J — Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal · doi:10.3390/j2040029 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bikorimana, G., & Sun, S. (2019) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/ijse-07-2019-0452 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hargrove, A. (2019) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12282 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gebremichael, S. G., Yismaw, E., Tsegaw, B. D., & Shibeshi, A. D. (2020) · MOJ Public Health · doi:10.15406/mojph.2020.09.00326 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kithinji, F. K. (2015) · University of Nairobi Research Archive (University of Nairobi) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Azanaw, J., Tsegaye, M., & Mesele, W. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088211 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Water Supply Accessibility and Associated Factors Among Households of Jigjiga Town, Eastern Ethiopia
Chekol, D. A., Gobena, T., & Mengiste, B. (2020) · Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning · doi:10.11648/j.larp.20200501.11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ishikawa, C., Watari, T., Kawakami, S., Hatamoto, M., Murakami, Y., & Yamaguchi, T. (2022) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01500 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effect of Water Technological Factors on Water Accessibility among Residents of Baringo North
Yator, S., & Kwasira, J. W. (2020) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i10/7943 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quansah, K. E., Gordon, C., Aboagye‐Antwi, F., & Gerchie, R. (2019) · Sustainable Environment · doi:10.1080/23311843.2019.1603607 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Determinantes do acesso ao saneamento básico: uma análise espacial para Minas Gerais em 2019
de Oliveira, L. A. (2022) · doi:10.47328/ufvbbt.2022.613 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lee, C. I., Kwa, Y. C., Hamid, A. A., Suboh, N., Maïo, M. D., Goodson, M. L., & Walsh, C. (2025) · Journal of Health Research · doi:10.56808/2586-940x.1123 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Biswas, M., & Mandal, S. (2026) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-026-08152-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kpoeh, H. E. (2020) · EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES · doi:10.46606/eajess2020v01i02.0035 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Inhibition of Bacterial Growth and Removal of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria From Wastewater
Kupolati, W. K., Busari, A. A., Sadiku, E. R., Frattari, A., Adeboje, A. A., Kambole, C., Mojapelo, K. S., Maite, M., Motsilanyane, N., Bezuidenhout, W., et al. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820054-4.00010-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Manyeh, A. K., Akpakli, D. E., & Baah, S. (2017) · International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development · doi:10.31142/ijtsrd2276
Rotowa, O. O. (2020) · Research on humanities and social sciences · doi:10.7176/rhss/10-10-06
Influencing Factors of Household Water Source in Khulna City
Bristy, S. K., Habiba, U., Jui, F. T. Z., & Meem, T. M. (2020) · International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern · doi:10.26821/ijsrc.8.12.2020.81213
Rubhara, T. T., & Oduniyi, O. S. (2021) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70952-5_6
Koech, N., & Bett, S. (2024) · International Journal of Business Management Entrepreneurship and Innovation · doi:10.35942/6d2zpm89
Banyenza, E., Mkuna, E., Kitole, F. A., Tibamanya, F. Y., Nsindagi, T. E., Lihawa, R. M., Mugula, V. J., & Kacholi, G. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-024-00979-1
Aminu, R. O., Oyawole, F. P., Ibrahim, S. B., & Arowolo, A. O. (2025) · FUDMA Journal of Sciences · doi:10.33003/fjs-2025-0908-3759
Johannes, A., & Kazembe, L. N. (2025) · Emerging topics in statistics and biostatistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97281-2_5
Mengistie, D. T., Elema, T. B., & Marine, B. T. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71544
Study on rooftop rainwater harvesting to provide inclusive water in West Balikpapan
Harfadli, M. M., Wulandari, M., & Ulimaz, M. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0282400
de Oliveira, L. A., Rodrigues, C. T., & Tupy, I. S. (2026) · Nova Economia · doi:10.1590/0103-6351/8754
- Authors
- Koskei, E. C., Koskei, R. C., Koske, M. C., & Koech, H. K.
- Affiliations
- Kabarak University (KE)
- Egerton University (KE)
- ORCID
- Koech, H.K.
- Venue
- Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences
- Publisher
- North American Publication Corp.
- Published
- 2013-12-20
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 714-719
- ISSN
- 2041-0484 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-0492
- OpenAlex
- W2189226722
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Keywords
- socioeconomic factors, access to improved water sources, basic sanitation, domestic water supply, household head education, household head occupation, marital status, waterborne diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
