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Antioxidant and Anticancer Efficacies of Anethum graveolens against Human Breast Carcinoma Cells through Oxidative Stress and Caspase Dependency

Al-Oqail, Mai M., Farshori, Nida N.·2021·BioMed Research International
DOI 10.1155/2021/5535570PMC PMC8112917
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Abstract

Anethum graveolens, belonging to the family Apiaceae, has been extensively used for medicinal and therapeutic purposes since long. Plants encompass rich number of effective constituents with less toxicity. Thus, nowadays, the attempts are being made to search plant constituents that can prevent and reverse the chronic diseases, such as cancer. In this study, an in vitro antioxidant and anticancer efficacies of Anethum graveolens (AG‐ME) were studied on human breast (MCF‐7), lung (A‐549), and cervical (HeLa) carcinoma cell lines. The antioxidant efficacies of AG‐ME were evaluated by total antioxidant, DPPH radical scavenging, H 2 O 2 scavenging, and ferrous reducing antioxidant assays. Further, the anticancer potential of AG‐ME was also determined against different cancer cell lines. The AG‐ME exhibited strong antioxidant activities as observed by antioxidant assays. AG‐ME also showed a dose‐dependent anticancer/cytotoxic potential against MCF‐7, A‐549, and HeLa cell lines. The AG‐ME‐induced reduction in GSH and increase in SOD activities indicates the role of oxidative stress in AG‐ME‐induced MCF‐7 cell death. The results also exhibited that AG‐ME triggered ROS production and significantly reduced MMP level. Moreover, a dose‐dependent increase in caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 activities suggests that the AG‐ME‐induced MCF‐7 cell death is caspase‐dependent. Together, the present study provides reasoning and reassurance for the uses of A. graveleons for medical purposes as an antioxidant and anticancer agent. Additional investigations are required to examine biological and anticancer activities under an in vivo system to discover a possible beneficial use of AG‐ME against diseases.

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Figure 1 In vitro antioxidant activities of Anethum graveolens seed extract (AG-ME) at 50-1000 μg/ml concentrations. (a) Total antioxidant capacity. (b) DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Figure 1 In vitro antioxidant activities of Anethum graveolens seed extract (AG-ME) at 50-1000 μg/ml concentrations. (a) Total antioxidant capacity. (b) DPPH radical scavenging activity.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 In vitro antioxidant activities of Anethum graveolens seed extract (AG-ME) at 50-1000 μg/ml concentrations. (a) H2O2 scavenging capacity. (b) Ferric reducing antioxidative capacity.
Figure 2 In vitro antioxidant activities of Anethum graveolens seed extract (AG-ME) at 50-1000 μg/ml concentrations. (a) H2O2 scavenging capacity. (b) Ferric reducing antioxidative capacity.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Cytotoxic potential of AG-ME against three different cancer cell lines exposed to 10-1000 μg/ml measured by MTT assay: (a) MCF-7 cells, (b) A-549 cells, and (c) HeLa cells. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. of three different experiments. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. the control.
Figure 3 Cytotoxic potential of AG-ME against three different cancer cell lines exposed to 10-1000 μg/ml measured by MTT assay: (a) MCF-7 cells, (b) A-549 cells, and (c) HeLa cells. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. of three different experiments. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. the control.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Cytotoxic potential of AG-ME against three different cancer cell lines exposed for 24 h at 10-1000 μg/ml concentrations measured by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay: (a) MCF-7 cells, (b) A-549 cells, and (c) HeLa cells. Results are expressed as the mean ± S.D. of three different experiments. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. the control.
Figure 4 Cytotoxic potential of AG-ME against three different cancer cell lines exposed for 24 h at 10-1000 μg/ml concentrations measured by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay: (a) MCF-7 cells, (b) A-549 cells, and (c) HeLa cells. Results are expressed as the mean ± S.D. of three different experiments. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. the control.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Morphological analysis of cytotoxicity of AG-ME for MCF-7, A-549, and HeLa cell lines exposed for 24 h at 1000 μg/ml concentration. Images were grabbed at 20x magnification power using phase contrast microscope (Olympus, CKX41, Japan).
Figure 5 Morphological analysis of cytotoxicity of AG-ME for MCF-7, A-549, and HeLa cell lines exposed for 24 h at 1000 μg/ml concentration. Images were grabbed at 20x magnification power using phase contrast microscope (Olympus, CKX41, Japan).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Oxidative stress measurements by (a) GSH enzyme activity and (b) SOD enzyme activity. (c) Representative fluorescence images showing ROS production in control and 1000 μg/ml of AG-ME. (d) Quantification of ROS production in MCF-7 cells treated with AG-ME at 250-1000 μg/ml. ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. the control.
Figure 6 Oxidative stress measurements by (a) GSH enzyme activity and (b) SOD enzyme activity. (c) Representative fluorescence images showing ROS production in control and 1000 μg/ml of AG-ME. (d) Quantification of ROS production in MCF-7 cells treated with AG-ME at 250-1000 μg/ml. ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. the control.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 AG-ME induced loss of MMP and caspase enzyme activities in MCF-7 cells. (a) Representative images showing MMP level by Rh-123 probe in control and 1000 μg/ml of AG-ME. (b) Quantification of intensity of Rh-123 dye in MCF-7 cells treated with AG-ME at 250-1000 μg/ml. (c) Caspase-3 and (d) caspase-9 enzyme activities. ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. the control.
Figure 7 AG-ME induced loss of MMP and caspase enzyme activities in MCF-7 cells. (a) Representative images showing MMP level by Rh-123 probe in control and 1000 μg/ml of AG-ME. (b) Quantification of intensity of Rh-123 dye in MCF-7 cells treated with AG-ME at 250-1000 μg/ml. (c) Caspase-3 and (d) caspase-9 enzyme activities. ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. the control.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Al-Oqail, M. M., & Farshori, N. N.
ORCID
Farshori, Nida N.
Venue
BioMed Research International
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2021-01
Volume
2021
Issue
1
ISSN
  • 2314-6133
  • 2314-6141
DOI
10.1155/2021/5535570
PMC
PMC8112917
Cited by
18
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 123 d)
Funders
King Saud University

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