Cited by 68Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationArtificial Intelligence in HealthcareInternet of Things and AI

Influential Usage of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Open access
Yang, Yan Cheng, Islam, Saad Ul, Noor, Asra, Khan, Sadia, Afsar, Waseem, Nazir, Shah·2021·Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is making computer systems capable of executing human brain tasks in many fields in all aspects of daily life. The enhancement in information and communications technology (ICT) has indisputably improved the quality of people’s lives around the globe. Especially, ICT has led to a very needy and tremendous improvement in the health sector which is commonly known as electronic health (eHealth) and medical health (mHealth). Deep machine learning and AI approaches are commonly presented in many applications using big data, which consists of all relevant data about the medical health and diseases which a model can access at the time of execution or diagnosis of diseases. For example, cardiovascular imaging has now accurate imaging combined with big data from the eHealth record and pathology to better characterize the disease and personalized therapy. In clinical work and imaging, cancer care is getting improved by knowing the tumor biology and helping in the implementation of precision medicine. The Markov model is used to extract new approaches for leveraging cancer. In this paper, we have reviewed existing research relevant to eHealth and mHealth where various models are discussed which uses big data for the diagnosis and healthcare system. This paper summarizes the recent promising applications of AI and big data in medical health and electronic health, which have potentially added value to diagnosis and patient care.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes existing research on big data and artificial intelligence in eHealth and mHealth, covering disease prediction, cardiovascular care, oncology, asthma, diabetes, ear disease, and related applications. It concludes that these technologies have transformed diagnosis and patient care but also highlights barriers such as misinformation, cost, power consumption, and insufficient technical knowledge.

Key findings

  • The paper reviews AI and big data applications across healthcare, including disease prediction, cardiovascular imaging, cancer care, asthma, diabetes, ear disease, and dermatology, and states that big data has made diagnosis easier through virtual and real-time systems.
  • It cites specific examples: a CNN trained on 10,544 otoendoscopy images to classify 6 ear disease categories achieved an average accuracy of 93.67%; another cited study analyzed 252 formulae from classical Chinese medical texts; a French growth-chart study used 32 primary care pediatricians and 10 general practitioners; and an EQ-5D-3L valuation study involved 243 health states and 126 students.
  • It identifies healthcare challenges including social media misinformation, insufficient knowledge about machines and technology, high-power-consuming technologies, expense, and risks during transformation such as privacy breach and increased care cost.
  • The review concludes that AI and big data have brought innovative technologies to healthcare systems, but it does not present new primary outcomes of its own.

Methods

  • Narrative literature review of existing research related to eHealth and mHealth, discussing various models that use big data for diagnosis and healthcare systems.
  • The text states that searches were performed in Springer, ACM, IEEE, and ScienceDirect libraries, with details shown in Figures 1–5; no formal inclusion/exclusion criteria or systematic review protocol is described in the text.
  • Main analysis is thematic summary of cited studies, applications, and challenges rather than quantitative synthesis or meta-analysis.

Limitations

  • The paper does not state limitations of its own review.
  • Evident from the text: it is a narrative review without a reported systematic search strategy, quality appraisal, or quantitative synthesis.
  • Evident from the text: the review relies on summaries of cited studies and references figures that are not included in the provided text, and it contains broad, sometimes unclear statements rather than primary data.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1155/2021/5812499This paper is marked retracted.

Cites

76 of 76 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 50 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    AI-assisted tools for drugs and repayment for human diseases, including COVID-19, are strongly proved.

    “The study is a strong proof for the use of AI-assisted tools for drugs and repayment for human diseases, including COVID-19 in times of fatal disease [11].”
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    A deep rule-based fuzzy system is used for accurate mortality rate prediction in hospital intensive care units.

    “A deep rule-based fuzzy system is used for accurate mortality rate prediction in hospital intensive care units (ICU'S).”
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    Beside benefits of eHealth in cloud computing, its full optimization is still obstructed by challenges like privacy and security.

    “Beside numerous and elegant benefits of eHealth in cloud computing, its full optimization is still obstructed by facing some challenges like privacy and security.”
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    A new growth chart derived for French children was compared with the WHO chart and found correct and error free.

    “A new growth chart was derived which was then compared with the WHO chart and found it correct and error free [41].”
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    Techniques and methods exist by which patients can be classified effectively as those who have asthma and those who do not have those in long-term remission.

    “There are techniques and methods by which patients can be classified effectively as those who have asthma and those who do not have those in long-term remission [66].”
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    Imaging data usage has the ability to improve cancer care by knowing tumor biology and helping in the implementation of precision medicine.

    “In daily clinical work, imaging data usage has the ability to improve cancer care by knowing tumor biology and helping in the implementation of precision medicine.”
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    Interpretationnone given

    Adaptation of these applications for self-management in asthma multifactorial persistent diseases needs validation and evaluation in real-life setups along with enhancement of the patient level to personalize predictions concerning the control status of asthma and increasing pitfalls.

    “Adaptation of these applications for self-management in asthma multifactorial persistent diseases needs validation and evaluation in real-life setups along with the enhancement of the patient level to personalize predictions concerning the control status of asthma and increasing pitfalls.”
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    Digital health technologies allow access to optimize clinical care delivery and clinical research to access information about age of healthcare.

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    Big data's analytical techniques, tools, and platforms have effect on healthcare institutions for fulfilling novel use cases for possible healthcare applications shows promising research directions.

    “Big data's analytical techniques, tools, and platforms are perceived among numerous fields; their effect on healthcare institutions for fulfilling novel use cases for possible healthcare applications shows promising research directions.”
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    Premisecitation

    Standards, guidelines, and objections established by public health informatics for health equity and health disparities will increase health literacy and access to care.

    “Standards, guidelines, and objections are established by public health informatics for health equity and health disparities, which will increase health literacy and access to care [5].”
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    Four diagnostic models, including lymphocytes, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive proteins, and neutrophils, have been developed and validated using the XGBoost algorithm.

    “Four diagnostic models, including lymphocytes, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive proteins, and neutrophils, have been developed and validated using the XGBoost algorithm [15–17].”
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    Cancer care is getting improved by knowing tumor biology and helping in the implementation of precision medicine.

    “In clinical work and imaging, cancer care is getting improved by knowing the tumor biology and helping in the implementation of precision medicine.”
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    Premisenone given

    Computer technology has led to very needy and tremendous enhancement in the health sector known as eHealth.

    “Computer technology has led to very needy and tremendous enhancement in the health sector which is commonly known as eHealth (electronic health).”
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    Premisenone given

    Most machines used in medical and healthcare emit radiation which is harmful and dangerous for humans and buildings.

    “One should have sufficient data and knowledge about machines and technology before using it, as most of the machines used in medical and healthcare emit radiation which is quite harmful and dangerous for humans and buildings.”
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    AI is bringing tremendous progress in fields like automation of clinical decisions, disease detectors, imaging analysis in medical diagnosis classifiers, interventional procedures, and has strength to significantly affect practice interventional cardiology.

    “AI is a well-known field about what everyone is aware of; it is bringing a tremendous progress in such fields like automation of clinical decisions, disease detectors, imaging analysis in medical diagnosis classifiers, an interventional procedures, and it has the strength to significantly affect the practice interventional cardiology.”
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    Success of these applications is completely dependent on the fundamental architecture and optimization of suitable and proper tools.

    “In this circumstance, the success of these applications is completely dependent on the fundamental architecture and optimization of suitable and proper tools as signified by introducing research attempts.”
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    Premisecitation

    A lot of data in the world is available in different hospitals and healthcare centers, collected from disease-affected humans; the amount of this data is increasing day by day.

    “A lot of data in the world is available in different hospitals and healthcare centers, which are collected from disease-affected humans. The amount of this data is increasing day by day [28].”
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    • cites [28] T. Li, 2016, Performance analysis of co-and cross-tier device-to-device communication underlaying macro-small cell wireless networks, J KSII Transactions on Internet Information Systems

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    Premisenone given

    Big data analysis has entered biomedical sciences, especially oncology, cardiovascular disease, allergic diseases, clinical work, and ear diseases.

    “Big data analysis is entered in biomedical sciences; the foremost source of big data has been discussed and explained, especially in oncology, cardiovascular disease, allergic diseases, clinical work, ear diseases, and so on.”
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    Premisecitation

    HMM can be used to manage massive data; inference of reproducible and interpretable dynamic brain network can be made possible in different dataset ranges including various other tasks.

    “The modern technique, hidden Markov model (HMM), can be used to manage massive data; the inference of the reproducible and interpretable dynamic brain network can be made possible in different dataset ranges including various other tasks [24].”
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    Previous enhancements in ICT have indisputably improved quality of people's lives around the globe.

    “The previous enhancements in ICT have indisputably improved the quality of people's lives around the globe.”
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    Premisenone given

    Cardiovascular imaging has now accurate imaging combined with big data from the eHealth record and pathology to better characterize disease and personalized therapy.

    “For example, cardiovascular imaging has now accurate imaging combined with big data from the eHealth record and pathology to better characterize the disease and personalized therapy.”
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    Premisecitation

    Model results were better for small datasets, whereas for large-scale ones, the concerned model and its application to different patients across the population throughout hospitals were not evaluated.

    “The model results were better for small datasets, whereas for large-scale ones, the concerned model and its application to different patients across the population throughout hospitals were not evaluated [31].”
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    Premisecitation

    In various other applications of big data based on trajectory data, the regular behavior of private cars is extracted.

    “In various other applications of big data based on trajectory data, the regular behavior of private cars is extracted [34–36].”
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    Premisereasoning

    Data mining and machine learning methods are useful for such data series in a challenging task.

    “Mining big data probably holds plenty of information and has a possible way and source for giving knowledge; data mining and machine learning methods are useful for such data series in a challenging task.”
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    Exposure of corona virus disease 2019 puts an increasing burden on the healthcare system.

    “The exposure of corona virus disease 2019 puts an increasing burden on the healthcare system.”
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    In Alzheimer's disease, clinical development programs have failed to modify new diseases and to establish quality work instrument for treatment of new and advanced diseases.

    “In Alzheimer's disease (AD), clinical development programs have failed to modify new diseases and to establish quality work instrument for the treatment of new and advanced diseases.”
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    Premisenone given

    Big data and AI approaches are commonly presented in mHealth and eHealth applications for self-management and home care of many long-term health conditions.

    “Big data and artificial intelligence approaches are commonly presented in mHealth and eHealth applications for self-management and home care of many long-term health conditions.”
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    Premisecitation

    Big data notation is used for three words: volume, variety, and velocity.

    “Fodeh and Zeng [6] have presented the notation of big data which is used for three words: volume, variety, and velocity.”
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    Infected patients have nonserious signs handled at home, while some develop serious symptoms and need hospitalization.

    “While infected patients have nonserious signs, which can be handled at home, some people develop serious symptoms and need to be hospitalized.”
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    Interpretationnone given

    Using the Markov model is very good for creating a good opportunity to make future planning in the existence of data in healthcare and clinical centers.

    “Using the Markov model is very good for creating a good opportunity to make a future planning in the existence of data in healthcare and clinical centers.”
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    The Markov model is used to extract new approaches for leveraging cancer.

    “The Markov model is used to extract new approaches for leveraging cancer.”
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    Usage of digital health technologies in research and clinical care faces issues such as data quality, privacy, and regulatory.

    “Despite the usage of such technologies in research and clinical care faces issues such as data quality, privacy, and regulatory, etc.”
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    Premisecitation

    CSLT plus usual care significantly improved in individually relevant word findings, but did not improve in conversation.

    “CSLT plus usual care significantly improved in individually relevant word findings, but they did not improve in conversation.”
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    Computer modeling and simulation plays a powerful and observational role in AD research.

    “The report is based on computer modeling and simulation, which plays a role of being powerful and observational in AD research [21].”
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    Premisenone given

    Deep machine learning and AI approaches are commonly presented in many applications using big data.

    “Deep machine learning and AI approaches are commonly presented in many applications using big data, which consists of all relevant data about the medical health and diseases which a model can access at the time of execution or diagnosis of diseases.”
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    With data concerned to health records, recurrent neural networks were used for disease risk prediction.

    “With data concerned to the health records, recurrent neural networks were used for disease risk prediction.”
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    Premisecitation

    Epidemiologist is using electronic health records which assist evidence provision for interval guidelines and screening intervals while censoring interval and undiagnosed sickness make a path to issues like substantial analytic risk estimation which cannot be addressed by using Kaplan-Meier methods.

    “Epidemiologist is using electronic health records which assist evidence provision for interval guidelines and screening intervals while censoring interval and undiagnosed sickness make a path to issues like substantial analytic risk estimation which cannot be addressed by using Kaplan-Meier methods [32].”
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    Radiomics helps in monitoring and evaluating tumor features such as temporal and spatial heterogeneity.

    “For accession of the tumor and its microenvironment, radiomics helps in monitoring and evaluating the tumor features such as temporal and spatial heterogeneity.”
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    A cube model was proposed to validate and verify actual and confirmed cases and deaths, which was then accepted by the World Health Organization.

    “A cube model was proposed to validate and verify the actual and confirmed cases and deaths, which was then accepted by the World Health Organization.”
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    Super computers analyzing big data using advanced deep learning algorithms have allowed improvement of output.

    “Super computers are analyzing big data using the algorithms of advanced deep learning machines, which has allowed the improvement of output in the field.”
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    The distinctive nature of interventional cardiology has made it a supreme target for the evolution of AI-based approaches.

    “This distinctive nature of interventional cardiology has made it a supreme target for the evolution of artificial intelligence-based approaches which are delineated to enhance real-time clinical decision making, the elegant flow of work in laboratories, and standardized catheter-based procedures using advance robotics.”
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    Mining big data probably holds plenty of information and has a possible way and source for giving knowledge.

    “Mining big data probably holds plenty of information and has a possible way and source for giving knowledge; data mining and machine learning methods are useful for such data series in a challenging task.”
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    Premisecitation

    SVM, random forests, Bayesian network, and AdaBoost are considered machine learning algorithms used in this review.

    “The support vector machine, random forests, Bayesian network, and AdaBoost are considered machine learning algorithms used in this review [37].”
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    With the rapid increase in healthcare applications, many devices are used to generate varieties of data and many of them are used for better analyzing data and for better decision making.

    “With the rapid increase in healthcare applications, many devices are used to generate verities of data and many of them are used for better analyzing data and for better decision making [70].”
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    When insulin in the body does not respond properly or if the body does not produce it, this results in diabetes.

    “When the insulin in the body does not respond properly or if the body does not produce it, this results in diabetes.”
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    Inception-V3 and ResNet101 are learning models chosen for time training and accuracy, which has an average accuracy of 93.67%.

    “Inception-V3 and ResNet101 are the learning models which have been chosen for the time training and accuracy, which has an average accuracy of 93.67%.”
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    Asthma is inconsistent in clinical associations and has poor replication of genetic associations.

    “Asthma is inconsistent in clinical associations and poor replication of genetic associations.”
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    Asthma is not a single disease but a group of similar diseases with some clinical manifestations.

    “Asthma is not a single disease but a group of similar diseases with some clinical manifestations.”
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    EHRs contain valuable information on the progression of Rangatahi's disease and the tragedy of treatment.

    “EHRs contain valuable information on the progression of Rangatahi's disease and the tragedy of treatment.”
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    A subset of VA-PODR data storage is available in GDC and TCIA.

    “A subset of this data storage is available in GDC (genomic data commune) and the TCIA (The Cancer Imaging Archive) [67].”
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    Thakkar et al. discussed valued techniques to excavate in the future and for the diagnosis of diabetes.

    “Thakkar et al. [54] has discussed some valued techniques to excavate in the future and for the diagnosis of diabetes.”
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    Blockchain technology was introduced in 2008 in the Bitcoin cryptocurrency.

    “Blockchain technology, such as the vascularization of inherited traits, router transparency, and identification information, was introduced in 2008 in the Bitcoin cryptocurrency.”
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    The incidence of pediatric diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhea are globally challenging.

    “The incidence of pediatric and pediatric diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhea are globally challenging.”
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    Incorporating powerful AI algorithms has been instrumental in changing the presentation and common sense of high-intensity radiation oncology.

    “Incorporating powerful AI algorithms has been instrumental in changing the presentation and common sense of high-intensity radiation oncology.”
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    Ear disease and mastoid diseases can be easily handled if early detected with appropriate medical care.

    “Ear disease and mastoid diseases can be easily handled if early detected with appropriate medical care.”
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    Tandon et al. present current issues and opportunities to use blockchain technology to improve health performance.

    “Tandon et al. [55] present current issues and opportunities to use blockchain technology to improve health performance.”
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    Use of ML techniques has the possibility to improve outcomes of health, reduce costs of healthcare, and demonstrate clinical research.

    “The use of ML techniques has the possibility to improve outcomes of health, reduce costs of healthcare, and demonstrate clinical research.”
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    Premisecitation

    Implementing blockchain technology is part of the healthcare system, where significant value has been added by improving performance, nearness, advancement of technology, protection, security, and privacy of information management systems.

    “Implementing the blockchain technology is part of the healthcare system, at verity in the healthcare industry, where the significant value has been added by improving the performance, nearness, advancement of technology, protection, security, and privacy of information management systems.”
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    In the heart failure study, Esther and colleagues proposed a scheme for extracting short-term sequential samples from CCE data that grading improves phenotype and prediction and is also professional.

    “In the heart failure study, Esther and her colleagues proposed a scheme for extracting short-term sequential samples from CCE data that grading improves phenotype and prediction and is also professional.”
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    Pashazadeh and Navimipour provided a detailed and systematic review of the modern mechanisms related to healthcare applications in big data fields.

    “Pashazadeh and Navimipour [39] have provided a detailed and systematic review of the modern mechanisms related to healthcare applications in big data fields.”
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    VA-PODR is a worldwide large repository of well-known data concerned with diagnosed patients of cancer in VA's department.

    “VA-PODR (Veterinary Affairs Accurate Oncology Data Collection) is a worldwide large repository of well-known data concerned with diagnosed patients of cancer in VA's (Veterans Affairs) department.”
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    Cha et al. presented a machine learning model for automatically diagnosing ear disease with datasets having a total of 10544 images trained using CNN to categorize internal eardrum and external auditory canal features into 6 categories of ear diseases, covering most ear diseases.

    “Cha et al. [51] have presented a machine learning model for automatically diagnosing ear disease with the help of datasets having a total of 10544 images which were trained using CNN to categorize internal eardrum and external auditory canal features into 6 categories of ear diseases, which has covered most of the ear diseases..”
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    Healthcare organizations are facing many challenges like analyzing large-scale data.

    “The healthcare organizations are facing many challenges like analyzing large-scale data.”
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Health-related misinformation may be spread intentionally or unintentionally and creates problems in health, potentially detaining or stopping effective care and menacing lives.

    “As it is affecting all areas and fields of life, it also creates problems and issues in fields related to health, where it may cause to detain or stop effective care, while in some cases, it is menacing the lives of individuals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The most substantial topics of health-related misinformation include vaccination, Zika virus, and Ebola, while fluoridation of water, nutrition, cancer, and smoking are also highlighted.

    “The most substantial and considerable topics include misinformation related to vaccination, Zika virus, and Ebola, even though others, such as fluoridation of water, nutrition, cancer, and smoking are also highlighted.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Xin-Di et al. composed 252 formulae from the synopsis of prescriptions of the Golden Chamber and a treatise on exogenous febrile disease, looking to identify the basic rules dominating the choosing of herbal mixtures by probability models and big data technology.

    “Xin-Di et al. [38] have composed 252 formulae from the synopsis of prescriptions of the Golden Chamber and a treatise on exogenous febrile disease, looking to identify the basic rules dominating the choosing of herbal mixtures by probability models and big data technology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Development of a system with efficient use of biomedical big data in particular medicine will need noble scientific and technical creation in engineering, infrastructure, financial management, and projects.

    “The development of the system with the efficient use of biomedical big data in particular medicine will need noble scientific and technical creation in which engineering, infrastructure, financial management, and projects will be included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Biomedical research is getting completely changed with big data.

    “Biomedical research is getting completely changed with big data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This classifier is trained in various conditions and environments and gives better results of diagnosis, so it is more compatible for use in a practical environment.

    “This classifier is trained in various conditions and environments and gives better results of diagnosis, so it is more compatible for the use in a practical environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Diabetes is a condition in which glucose levels are lowered into the bloodstream with a slight delay, causing the inability to metabolize it.

    “Diabetes is a condition in which glucose levels are lowered into the bloodstream with a slight delay, causing the inability to metabolize it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Sometimes, we do not have specialists or may have comparatively low diagnostic precision if a new way of diagnostic policy is needed, in which deep machine learning can play a noble role.

    “However, sometimes, we do not have specialists or we may have comparatively low diagnostic precision if a new way of diagnostic policy is needed, in which deep machine learning can play a noble role.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    Extraordinary advances of automatic data collection of large-scale clinical and molecular data have caused prime challenges to data simplification and analysis.

    “The extraordinary advances of automatic data collection of large-scale clinical and molecular data have caused prime challenges to data simplification and analysis, summarized for the evolution of new computational techniques.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Big data has made it easy to diagnose disease through virtual and real-time systems.

    “Big data has made it easy to diagnose disease through virtual and real-time systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Using single-cohort model parameters can reduce price issues and add significant value to medical organizations and patients in rural areas who cannot afford and do not have access to these technologies.

    “By using single-cohort model parameters, we can obtuse the price issues which we are facing and we will face in the future [74]; this will add a significant value to the medical organizations as well as patients in rural areas who cannot afford and do not have access to these technologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    If any new technology is adopted which is not based on evidenced care, it may risk unintended outcomes like privacy breach and increase in care cost.

    “If any of the new technology is adopted which is not based on evidenced care may risk unintended outcomes like privacy breach, increase in care cost, etc [75].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    AI and big data applications in medical health and electronic health have potentially added value to the diagnosis of disease and patient care.

    “This paper has summarized the current encouraging applications of AI and big data in medical health and electronic health, which have potentially added value to the diagnosis of disease and patient care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Big data and AI have transformed the conventional and traditional health system to technological systems in the form of cardiovascular, oncology, ear, asthmatic, allergic, cancer, and or any other diseases.

    “It has transformed the conventional and traditional health system to a technological systems in the form of cardiovascular, oncology, ear, asthmatic, allergic, cancer, and or any other diseases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Respective systems are used to classify this data based on the result and condition of each sentence.

    “Respective systems are used to classify this data based on the result and condition of each sentence [72].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] source

      Not checked in the free run.

73 of 73
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many technologies operate on large scale in large areas for a long time, consuming much electric power, and there is a big issue of power in most developing countries.

    “As these artificial machines can perform a complex tasks; many of the technologies operate on large scale in large areas for a long time, which consumes much electric power while there is a big issue of power in most of the developing countries which needs to be solved and adjusted to give plenty of facilities in healthcare.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Technologies, machines, and data storages, either cloud database or own database, are mostly not affordable by organizations because of high prices.

    “However, technologies, machines, and data storages, either cloud database or our own database, are mostly not affordable by the organizations because of high prices.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most machines used in medical and healthcare emit radiation that is harmful and dangerous for humans and buildings.

    “as most of the machines used in medical and healthcare emit radiation which is quite harmful and dangerous for humans and buildings.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Integration of AI allows practitioners to glean meaningful information and patterns rapidly, thus expediting efficiency and effectiveness of health care systems, which will be beneficial in learning and assuring safe and quality patient care.

    “The integration of AI allows practitioners to glean meaningful information and patterns rapidly thus expediting the efficiency and effectiveness of health care systems, which will be beneficial in the learning process and in assuring safe and quality patient care [30].”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • euroCAT infrastructure is both implemented and awaiting implementation

    Minor

    The introduction says the euroCAT infrastructure has already been implemented as a radiation clinic, while Section 4 says it still needs to be implemented as one.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Yang, Y. C., Islam, S. U., Noor, A., Khan, S., Afsar, W., & Nazir, S.
Affiliations
  • Hunan University (CN)
  • University of Swabi (PK)
Corresponding author
  • Yang, Yan Cheng
  • Nazir, Shah
Venue
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2021-09-06
Volume
2021
Pages
1-13
ISSN
  • 1748-670X (ISSN-L)
  • 1748-6718
OpenAlex
W3198611568
Cited by
68
References
76
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
FWCI
3.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Status
Retracted
Open access
Locations
  • Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Provincial Social Science Achievements Review Committee (XSP21YBZ077, YB-153, 2021-ZZJH-233)
  • Luoyang Institute of Technology and Science (XSP21YBZ077, YB-153, 2021-ZZJH-233)
  • Luoyang Humanities and Social Science Fund (XSP21YBZ077, YB-153, 2021-ZZJH-233)
  • Education Department of Henan Province (XSP21YBZ077, YB-153, 2021-ZZJH-233)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
Keywords
artificial intelligence in healthcare, big data, e-health, mobile health, deep learning, disease diagnosis, cardiovascular imaging, precision medicine, cancer care, Markov model, personalized treatment, patient care
MeSH terms
Deep Learning, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Markov Chains, Telemedicine, Computational Biology, Electronic Health Records

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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