Cited by 354Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase SignalingProtein Tyrosine PhosphatasesSphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling

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Targeting RAS Membrane Association: Back to the Future for Anti-RAS Drug Discovery?

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Cox, Adrienne D., Der, Channing J., Philips, Mark R.·2015·Clinical Cancer Research

DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3214PMC PMC4400837

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Abstract

RAS proteins require membrane association for their biologic activity, making this association a logical target for anti-RAS therapeutics. Lipid modification of RAS proteins by a farnesyl isoprenoid is an obligate step in that association, and is an enzymatic process. Accordingly, farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI) were developed as potential anti-RAS drugs. The lack of efficacy of FTIs as anticancer drugs was widely seen as indicating that blocking RAS membrane association was a flawed approach to cancer treatment. However, a deeper understanding of RAS modification and trafficking has revealed that this was an erroneous conclusion. In the presence of FTIs, KRAS and NRAS, which are the RAS isoforms most frequently mutated in cancer, become substrates for alternative modification, can still associate with membranes, and can still function. Thus, FTIs failed not because blocking RAS membrane association is an ineffective approach, but because FTIs failed to accomplish that task. Recent findings regarding RAS isoform trafficking and the regulation of RAS subcellular localization have rekindled interest in efforts to target these processes. In particular, improved understanding of the palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle that regulates RAS interaction with the plasma membrane, endomembranes, and cytosol, and of the potential importance of RAS chaperones, have led to new approaches. Efforts to validate and target other enzymatically regulated posttranslational modifications are also ongoing. In this review, we revisit lessons learned, describe the current state of the art, and highlight challenging but promising directions to achieve the goal of disrupting RAS membrane association and subcellular localization for anti-RAS drug development. Clin Cancer Res; 21(8); 1819–27. ©2015 AACR. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers.”

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Authors: Cox, A. D., Der, C. J., & Philips, M. R.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
NYU Langone Health (US)
ORCID: Cox, Adrienne D.
Der, Channing J.
Philips, Mark R.
Venue: Clinical Cancer Research
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Published: 2015-04-14
Volume: 21
Issue: 8
Pages: 1819-1827
ISSN: 1078-0432 (ISSN-L)
1557-3265
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3214
PMC: PMC4400837
OpenAlex: W2129653056
Cited by: 351
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 18
FWCI: 4.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Clinical Cancer Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
UNC Libraries
Funders: Pancreatic Cancer Action Network
National Institutes of Health (5r01ca042978-30)
National Cancer Institute (R01CA116034, R01CA175747, R01CA163489, R01-CA042978, R21CA179193)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM055279)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling
Keywords: farnesyltransferase inhibitors, KRAS, NRAS, depalmitoylation, post-translational modification, RAS-driven cancers
MeSH terms: Acetyltransferases, Acylation, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Carrier Proteins, Cell Membrane, Humans, Neoplasms, Endopeptidases, Phosphorylation, Protein Kinase C, Thiolester Hydrolases, Signal Transduction, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), Protein Prenylation, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Alkyl and Aryl Transferases, Amino Acid Motifs, Protein Transport, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs, Drug Discovery, Molecular Targeted Therapy

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Targeting RAS Membrane Association: Back to the Future for Anti-RAS Drug Discovery?

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