A Comprehensive Survey of Ras Mutations in Cancer

Prior, Ian A.; Lewis, Paul D.; Mattos, Carla

doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2612

Cited by 2,063Cancer Genomics and DiagnosticsProtein Kinase Regulation and GTPase SignalingProtein Tyrosine Phosphatases

A Comprehensive Survey of Ras Mutations in Cancer

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Prior, Ian A., Lewis, Paul D., Mattos, Carla·2012·Cancer Research

DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2612PMC PMC3354961

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Abstract

All mammalian cells express 3 closely related Ras proteins, termed H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras, that promote oncogenesis when they are mutationally activated at codon 12, 13, or 61. Although there is a high degree of similarity among the isoforms, K-Ras mutations are far more frequently observed in cancer, and each isoform displays preferential coupling to particular cancer types. We examined the mutational spectra of Ras isoforms curated from large-scale tumor profiling and found that each isoform exhibits surprisingly distinctive codon mutation and amino-acid substitution biases. These findings were unexpected given that these mutations occur in regions that share 100% amino-acid sequence identity among the 3 isoforms. Of importance, many of these mutational biases were not due to differences in exposure to mutagens, because the patterns were still evident when compared within specific cancer types. We discuss potential genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, as well as isoform-specific differences in protein structure and signaling, that may promote these distinct mutation patterns and differential coupling to specific cancers. Cancer Res; 72(10); 2457–67. ©2012 AACR.

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Approximately 90% of PDAC cases harbor a KRAS mutation.
“Approximately 90% of PDAC cases harbor a Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutation (Prior et al., 2012).”
From The antitumoral effect of statins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as Prior et al., 2012
In “Ras mutation frequencies > Large-scale tumour profiling” (page unavailable), the paper says early, small-sample analyses reported KRAS mutations in 90% of pancreatic tumours. It then explicitly states that its larger-scale pancreas mutation rate is 60%, rather than the generally quoted 90%, contrary to the unqualified claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
KRAS G12C mutation is present in approximately 3% of colorectal cancer cases.
“This specific mutation, present in ~3% of CRC cases, 2 is associated with significantly reduced progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to KRAS wildtype tumors.[3][4][5]”
From Garsorasib, a KRAS G12C inhibitor, with or without cetuximab, an EGFR antibody, in colorectal cancer cohorts of a phase II trial in advanced solid tumors with KRAS G12C mutation (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
KRAS mutations, especially KRASG12C and KRASG12V, are strongly associated with smoking.
“Unlike other clinically actionable genomic alterations found in NSCLCs (such as EGFR and ALK aberrations), KRAS mutations, particularly KRASG12C and KRASG12V, are strongly associated with smoking29–31.”
From The current state of the art and future trends in RAS-targeted cancer therapies (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
RAS mutations and the deregulated signaling they cause account for one third of all human cancers.
“However, RAS mutations and the resulting deregulated signaling events are responsible for one third of all human cancers4 (Figure 1).”
From The metabolic landscape of RAS-driven cancers from biology to therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
KRAS is mutated in many cancers, predominantly adenocarcinomas, while NRAS mutations are prominent in melanoma and myeloid cancer.
“Overall, KRAS is mutated in many cancers (predominantly adenocarcinomas), whereas NRAS mutations are prominent in melanoma and myeloid cancer4,15,16 (Fig. 1).”
From The metabolic landscape of RAS-driven cancers from biology to therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [4]

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Decoding RAS isoform and codon-specific signalling
Newlaczyl, A. U., Hood, F. E., Coulson, J. M., & Prior, I. A. (2014) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20140057 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Comparative Analysis of Individual RAS Mutations in Cancer Biology
Muñoz-Maldonado, C., Zimmer, Y., & Medová, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.01088 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Ras protein abundance correlates with Ras isoform mutation patterns in cancer
Hood, F. E., Sahraoui, Y. M., Jenkins, R. E., & Prior, I. A. (2023) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-023-02638-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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Differential Reprogramming of Isogenic Colorectal Cancer Cells by Distinct Activating KRAS Mutations
Hammond, D. E., Mageean, C. J., Rusilowicz, E. V., Wickenden, J. A., Clague, M. J., & Prior, I. A. (2015) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr501191a · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
The K-Ras, N-Ras, and H-Ras Isoforms: Unique Conformational Preferences and Implications for Targeting Oncogenic MutantsPreprint
Parker, J. A., & Mattos, C. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a031427 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Prior, I. A., Lewis, P. D., & Mattos, C.
Affiliations: Northeastern University (US)
Corresponding author: Prior, Ian A.
ORCID: Prior, Ian A.
Mattos, Carla
Venue: Cancer Research
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Published: 2012-05-14
Volume: 72
Issue: 10
Pages: 2457-2467
ISSN: 0008-5472 (ISSN-L)
1538-7445
DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2612
PMC: PMC3354961
OpenAlex: W2135184154
Cited by: 2,063
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 114 · 2025: 154 · 2024: 169 · 2023: 203 · 2022: 189 · 2021: 223 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 162 · 2017: 144 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 23.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Cancer Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (067398)
Cancer Research UK (A6672)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/G018162/1)
National Cancer Institute (R56CA096867)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Keywords: RAS mutations, KRAS, H-Ras, NRAS, Ras isoforms, codon 12 mutation, mutational spectra, carcinogenesis, epigenetic mechanisms, Ras signaling
MeSH terms: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Codon, Humans, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Neoplasms, Genes, ras, Signal Transduction, Point Mutation, ras Proteins, Protein Isoforms, Catalytic Domain, Databases, Genetic, Epigenesis, Genetic

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