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Development of the Epidermis in the Newborn
Abstract
Histological development of the epidermis was studied on skin samples from 169 infants (gestation 24–40 weeks, age up to 1 year). Gestation markedly influenced epidermal development. Before 30 weeks, the epidermis is thin, has few cell layers and a poorly formed stratum corneum, but by 34 weeks it has largely matured. Postnatal influence on epidermal development is marked in the preterm infant, so that histologically the epidermis of the most immature infant resembles that of a term infant by 2 weeks of age. These changes in histology exactly parallel the development of the barrier properties of newborn skin.
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“At 24 to 30 weeks gestation, the epidermis is 60% as thick as it is at 36 to 40 weeks (20), and it is considerably more fragile.”
From Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
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BackgroundBinodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care
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Hardman, M. J., Sisi, P., Banbury, D. N., & Byrne, C. (1998) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.125.8.1541 · Cited by 385
Nikolovski, J., Stamatas, G. N., Kollias, N., & Wiegand, B. C. (2008) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701239 · Cited by 388
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BackgroundFitzgerald, M., Millard, C., & McIntosh, N. (1989) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90172-3 · Cited by 381
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“epidermal undulations become visible (18).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Skin Barrier Function in Premature Infants
Kalia, Y. N., Nonato, L. B., Lund, C., & Guy, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00289.x · Cited by 275
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Skin Physiology of the Neonate and Infant: Clinical Implications
Oranges, T., Dini, V., & Romanelli, M. (2015) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2015.0642 · Cited by 223
“During skin maturation, cell attachments and epidermal cellularity increase and the dermoepidermal junction becomes undulated.(3) In preterm neonates, the papillary dermis underlying the dermoepidermal junction is edematous, collagen fibrils are smaller than those of the term newborn or adult, and the anchoring struct…”
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Taddio, A., Ohlsson, A., Einarson, T. R., Stevens, B., & Koren, G. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.101.2.e1 · Cited by 219
Hoeger, P. H., & Enzmann, C. C. (2002) · Pediatric Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00082.x · Cited by 217
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BackgroundNasal trauma due to continuous positive airway pressure in neonates
Fumeaux, C. J. F., Bertelle, V., Hohlfeld, J., Forcada-Guex, M., Stadelmann, C., & Tolsa, J. (2010) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/adc.2009.179416 · Cited by 212
“Our results showed that nasal trauma secondary to nCPAP was a very frequent complication in neonates, with a rate of more than 40% in the studied population. The general incidence was greater than 30 cases/1000 days of nCPAP, with a vast majority of superficial trauma (88.3% of stage I). Our incidence of cases of stag…”
ResultInfluentialStamatas, G. N., Nikolovski, J., Mack, M. C., & Kollias, N. (2010) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00611.x · Cited by 212
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“The epidermis of the infant born at less than 30 weeks gestational age is thin and poorly formed compared with the skin of term infants.(26)”
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“When infants are born preterm, the epidermis matures fairly rapidly, and even the most immature neonate has functionally and histologically mature epidermis by approximately 2 weeks postnatal age.(29) Studies of the skin microbiota of the extremely preterm infant are limited.”
Liu, Y., Suzuki, K., Reed, J. D., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2503 · Cited by 127
Ambient humidity influences the rate of skin barrier maturation in extremely preterm infants
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Campbell, J. R., Zaccaria, E., & Baker, C. J. (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.105.5.1041 · Cited by 106
Kangaroo Care Compared to Incubators in Maintaining Body Warmth in Preterm Infants
Ludington‐Hoe, S. M., Nguyen, N., Swinth, J. Y., et al. (2000) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/109980040000200107 · Cited by 111
“g and were beyond 30 weeks postconceptional age to control for the very thin stratum corneum and very high evaporative heat losses characterizing infants less than 1000 g and less than 30 weeks postconceptional age (Evans and Rutter 1986).”
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Ågren, J., Sjörs, G., & Sedin, G. (1998) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb00928.x · Cited by 111
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Telofski, L. S., Morello, A. P., Correa, M. C. M., & Stamatas, G. N. (2012) · Dermatology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2012/198789 · Cited by 124
“The barrier properties of the skin depend greatly on the thickness and integrity of the SC [8, 9].”
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Visscher, M. O., Odio, M. R., Taylor, T., White, T., Sargent, S., Sluder, L., Smith, L., Flower, T., Mason, B., Rider, M. A., et al. (2009) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000215593 · Cited by 110
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Lund, C., Kuller, J. M., Lane, A. T., Lott, J. W., & Raines, D. A. (1999) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1999.tb01989.x · Cited by 102
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Hardman, M. J., Ferguson, M. W. J., Byrne, C. R., & Moore, L. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00800.x · Cited by 96
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Randomized Trial of Occlusive Wrap for Heat Loss Prevention in Preterm Infants
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“For this reason, fluconazole prophylaxis should be considered in high-risk infants, and especially those admitted to NICUs with high rates of IC.”
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Lund, C., Kuller, J. A., Lane, A. T., Lott, J. W., & Raines, D. A. (1999) · Neonatal Network The Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1891/0730-0832.18.4.15 · Cited by 74
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Brisman, M., Larsson, L., Andréasson, S., et al. (1998) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb00929.x · Cited by 78
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“after birth (11), a fundamental understanding of the evolution”
BackgroundParturient women can recognize their infants by touch.
Kaitz, M., Lapidot, P., Bronner, R., & Eidelman, A. I. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.35 · Cited by 74
Semipermeable Dressings Improve Epidermal Barrier Function in Premature Infants
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Skin Permeability in the Newborn
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Blume‐Peytavi, U., Tan, J. K. L., Tennstedt, D., Boralévi, F., Fabbrocini, G., Torrelo, A., Soares‐Oliveira, R., Haftek, M., Rossi, A. B., Thouvenin, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.13636 · Cited by 66
Kalia, Y. N., Merino, V., & Guy, R. H. (1998) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70011-5 · Cited by 63
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Atallah, L., Serteyn, A., Meftah, M., et al. (2014) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/5/895 · Cited by 62
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BackgroundSkin barrier immunology from early life to adulthood
Trompette, A., & Ubags, N. D. J. (2023) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.02.005 · Cited by 67
Safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream in the treatment of preterm neonates
Taddio, A., Shennan, A. T., Stevens, B., et al. (1995) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(95)70050-1 · Cited by 61
Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants
Cleminson, J. S., & McGuire, W. L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001150.pub3 · Cited by 60
Rowen, J. L. (2003) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(03)00066-1 · Cited by 60
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Rahma, A., & Lane, M. E. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14020433 · Cited by 76
“Newborns excrete urine every 1 to 3 h on average [85] but the frequency decreases to 7 times a day by the end of infancy [86].”
BackgroundThermoregulation: Incubators, Radiant Warmers, Artificial Skins, and Body Hoods
LeBlanc, M. H. (1991) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30505-0 · Cited by 58
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Self-citationDevelopment of cutaneous microflora in premature neonates.
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Franck, L. S., Quinn, D., & Zahr, L. K. (2000) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2000.tb02071.x · Cited by 42
Development of Human Fetal Skin Transplanted to the Nude Mouse
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Effect of Less Frequent Bathing on Premature Infant Skin
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Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis
Wynn, J. L., & Wong, H. R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00152-9 · Cited by 45
“75 The immature and incompletely developed stratum corneum of preterm newborns takes at least 1 to 2 weeks after birth to become fully functional 76 and may take up to 8 weeks in the extremely preterm neonate, significantly increasing the risk for barrier dysfunction.”
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Early development of the skin microbiome: therapeutic opportunities
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Changes in Electrophysiological Properties of Rat Skin with Age.
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Essink-Tebbes, C. M., Wuis, E. W., Liem, K. D., et al. (1999) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s004310051106 · Cited by 37
Biomarkers of neonatal skin barrier adaptation reveal substantial differences compared to adult skin
Visscher, M. O., Carr, A. N., Winget, J. M., Huggins, T. G., Bascom, C. C., Isfort, R. J., Lammers, K. M., & Narendran, V. (2020) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-020-1035-y · Cited by 36
Skin Barrier Function in Neonates and Infants
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Improved Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants with Tegaderm® Application to Skin
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Metadata
- Authors
- Evans, N. J., & Rutter, N.
- Affiliations
- Nottingham City Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Evans, N.J.
- Rutter, N.
- ORCID
- Rutter, N.
- Venue
- Biology of the Neonate
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2009-09-24
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 74-80
- ISSN
- 0006-3126 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9727
- OpenAlex
- W2032893178
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biology of the Neonate (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal skin health care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- epidermal development, neonatal skin, skin histology, stratum corneum, gestational age, preterm infants, postnatal maturation, skin barrier function, epidermal cell layers
- MeSH terms
- Epidermis, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Skin
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