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Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) follows the UK Brain Bank Criteria, which demands bradykinesia and one additional symptom, i.e. rigidity, resting tremor or postural instability. The latter is not a useful sign for the early diagnosis of PD, because it does not appear before Hoehn and Yahr stage 3. Early symptoms of PD which precede the onset of motor symptoms are hyposmia, REM sleep behavioral disorder, constipation, and depression. In addition, an increasing number of patients whose PD is related to a genetic defect are being described. Thus, genetic testing may eventually develop into a tool to identify at-risk patients. The clinical diagnosis of PD can be supported by levodopa or apomorphine tests. Imaging studies such as cranial CT or MRI are helpful to distinguish idiopathic PD from atypical or secondary PD. SPECT and PET methods are valuable to distinguish PD tremor from essential tremor if this is clinically not possible. Using all of these methods, we may soon be able to make a premotor diagnosis of PD, which will raise the question whether early treatment is possible and ethically and clinically advisable.
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“Occasionally, the tremor involves the legs and other tremor types may occur (Reichmann 2010).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Reichmann 2010
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InfluentialSatué, M., Rodrigo, M. J., Obís, J., Viladés, E., Gracia, H., Otín, S., Fuertes, M. I., Alarcia, R., Crespo, J. A. S., Polo, V., et al. (2017) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-20460 · Cited by 78
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Huo, W., Angeles, P., Tai, Y., Pavese, N., Wilson, S., Hu, M. T., & Vaidyanathan, R. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.2978197 · Cited by 71
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BackgroundRedox Imbalance and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Limongi, D., & Baldelli, S. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/6547248 · Cited by 66
“PD is progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by extrapyramidal movement disorders that manifest as rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability [57].”
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“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extrapyramidal movement disorders that manifest as rigidity, resting tremor and postural instability [1].”
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Skinner, J. W., Christou, E. A., & Hass, C. J. (2018) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000244 · Cited by 59
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“On the other hand, tremor at rest is not pathognomonic for PD [2], for it has been observed in ET [3].”
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MethodParkinson’s disease impairs masticatory function
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Obstructive sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease patients: effect of Sinemet CR taken at bedtime
Gros, P., Mery, V., Lafontaine, A., Robinson, A. R., Benedetti, A., Kimoff, R. J., & Kamińska, M. (2015) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-015-1208-9 · Cited by 44
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“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability accompanied by non-motor symptoms [1].”
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Chetrit, E. B., Alcalay, R. N., Steiner‐Birmanns, B., Altarescu, G., Phillips, M., Elstein, D., & Zimran, A. (2012) · Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.11.011 · Cited by 40
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“5% of individuals over the age of 60 will develop the disease.(1) The onset and progression of PD is characterized by a constellation of motor and nonmotor impairments across multiple pathways of the central and peripheral nervous systems.”
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Provotella-derived hydrogen sulfide, constipation, and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease
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“Additionally, in PD patients, constipation is one of the first signs of disease.(9) Constipation may represent a conjoint mechanism underlying the increase in gut permeability to increase hydrogen sulfide absorption.”
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Shaltiel‐Karyo, R., Davidi, D., Frenkel‐Pinter, M., Ovadia, M., Segal, D., & Gazit, E. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.021 · Cited by 36
Modern treatment in Parkinson’s disease, a personal approach
Reichmann, H. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1441-1 · Cited by 32
Self-citationSamizadeh, M., Fallah, H., Toomarisahzabi, M., Rezaei, F., Rahimi-Danesh, M., Akhondzadeh, S., & Vaseghi, S. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060914 · Cited by 33
Klietz, M., Schnur, T., Drexel, S. C., Lange, F., Paracka, L., Huber, M. K., Dressler, D. W., Höglinger, G. U., & Wegner, F. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10060401 · Cited by 30
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Gende, M., Mallén, V., de Moura, J., Ciordía, B. C., García‐Martín, E., Sánchez, C. I., Novo, J., & Ortega, M. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3313392 · Cited by 30
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MethodSatué, M., Castro‐Roger, L., Viladés, E., Cordon, B., Errea, J. M., Pueyo, A., Chueca, E. P., & García‐Martín, E. (2022) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-022-02112-4 · Cited by 27
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MethodMangalam, M., Kelty‐Stephen, D. G., Seleznov, I., Popov, A. O., Likens, A. D., Kiyono, K., & Stergiou, N. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54583-y · Cited by 27
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Caproni, S., Muti, M., Principi, M., Ottaviano, P., Frondizi, D., Capocchi, G., Floridi, P., Rossi, A., Calabresi, P., & Tambasco, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066834 · Cited by 26
“PD clinical diagnosis was defined in accordance to the United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Brain Bank [31].”
MethodOral Health in Elders with Parkinson's Disease
Ribeiro, G. R., Campos, C. H., & Garcia, R. C. M. R. (2016) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/0103-6440201600881 · Cited by 26
Neuroimaging of Sleep Disturbances in Movement Disorders
Yousaf, T., Pagano, G., Wilson, H., & Politis, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00767 · Cited by 26
“Though PD is currently diagnosed when patients present with key motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor or postural instability (26), the term prodromal has surfaced to describe the period between the onset of motor symptoms and striatal neurodegeneration, with basal ganglia degeneration suggested to c…”
BackgroundJohnson, J. T., Fila, W. A., & Anumudu, C. K. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app151810285 · Cited by 29
“Diagnosis of PD, for instance, remains heavily reliant on clinical evaluation, according to the UK Brain Bank Criteria, along with the patient’s response to dopaminergic medications [181,182].”
Zhou, M., Wu, L., Hu, Q., Wang, C., Ye, J., Chen, T., & Wan, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.718820 · Cited by 25
“Idiopathic PD was defined by an experienced neurologist based on the United Kingdom Brain Bank criteria (Reichmann, 2010), and medical records including the duration of disease and treatment were carefully collected.”
MethodMoussa, M. A., Chakra, M. A., Dabboucy, B., Fares, Y., Dellis, A., & Papatsoris, A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Urology · doi:10.1080/21681805.2021.1990994 · Cited by 25
Caproni, S., Muti, M., Renzo, A. D., Principi, M., Caputo, N., Calabresi, P., & Tambasco, N. (2014) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00152 · Cited by 25
“Inclusion criteria were: clinical diagnosis of PD according to the United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank criteria (13); no evidence of dementia according to both DSM-IV criteria and clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with PD, published by Emre et al.”
MethodYa, L., & Lu, Z. (2017) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.903636 · Cited by 23
“According to the UK PD Brain Bank Criteria created in 1997 [14] and the new clinical criteria with details described by Reichmann [15], 116 patients were diagnosed with PD and their H-Y stages were evaluated.”
MethodIdentification of distinct blood-based biomarkers in early stage of Parkinson’s disease
Wu, Y., Yao, Q., Jiang, G., Wang, G., & Cheng, Q. (2019) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04165-y · Cited by 23
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Yalçın, A., Atmış, V., Cengiz, O. K., Çınar, E., Aras, S., Varlı, M., & Atlı, T. (2016) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2015.0819 · Cited by 23
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder with essential tremor and the most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease [1, 2].”
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Different diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease: what are the pitfalls?
Bhidayasiri, R., & Reichmann, H. (2013) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1007-z · Cited by 22
“As more information, mostly derived from clinical analysis or clinicopathologic studies about clinical features of what is considered to be ‘typical’ PD, has become available, later diagnostic criteria utilizing some of these features as supportive criteria have included certain clinical signs, natural history of the…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPetersen, J. J., Kamp, C. B., Faltermeier, P., Juul, S., Løkkegaard, A., Gluud, C., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2024) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000705 · Cited by 28
An update on new-age potential biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease
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“Postural instability, however, may not be relevant for diagnosing SP in schizophrenia; since in PD, this symptom does not manifest itself before the patient has reached an advanced stage [34] and its diagnostic utility has been questioned when the diagnosis still has to be established [35].”
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The association between Parkinson’s disease and temporomandibular disorder
Chen, Y.-Y., Fan, H., Tung, M., & Chang, Y. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217763 · Cited by 21
Jarras, H., Bourque, M., Poirier, A.-A., Morissette, M., Coulombe, K., Paolo, T. D., & Soulet, D. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12782 · Cited by 20
A note on testing hypotheses for stationary processes in the frequency domain
Holger Dette, A., & Hildebrandt, T. (2011) · Journal of Multivariate Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jmva.2011.07.002 · Cited by 19
Towards New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease
Finkelstein, D. I. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/954 · Cited by 19
Esterhammer, R., Seppi, K., Reiter, E., Pinter, B., Mueller, C., Kremser, C., Zitzelsberger, T., Nocker, M., Scherfler, C., Poewe, W. H., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145493 · Cited by 19
“Normal findings on neuroimaging were long regarded as a diagnostic prerequisite of classical Parkinson's disease (PD) [1].”
BackgroundExercícios terapêuticos domiciliares na doença de Parkinson: uma revisão integrativa
Gondim, I. T. G. D. O., Lins, C. C. D. S. A., & Coriolano, M. D. G. W. D. S. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/1809-98232016019.150040 · Cited by 17
Maremmani, C., Cavallo, F., Purcaro, C., Rossi, G., Salvadori, S., Rovini, E., Esposito, D., Pieroni, A., Ramat, S., Vanni, P., et al. (2017) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12862 · Cited by 17
Altered Outer Retinal Structure, Electrophysiology and Visual Perception in Parkinson’s Disease
Tran, K. K. N., Lee, P. Y., Finkelstein, D. I., McKendrick, A. M., Nguyen, B. N., Bui, B. V., & Nguyen, C. T. O. (2023) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230293 · Cited by 16
“Clinical diagnosis of PD remains difficult [3, 4] and requires specialist neurological assessment of motor symptoms to determine whether an individual meets the UK Brain Bank Diagnosis Criteria [5] or Movement Disorder Society criteria [6].”
BackgroundSpatial variability and directional shifts in postural control in Parkinson’s disease
Kelty‐Stephen, D. G., Kiyono, K., Stergiou, N., & Mangalam, M. (2024) · Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100249 · Cited by 17
“The typical manifestations of Parkinson ’ s disease, including resting tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia [16,97,109,121], all relate to variability.”
BackgroundKim, J. J., Daadi, E. W., Oh, T. T., Daadi, E. S., & Daadi, M. M. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13111937 · Cited by 14
Gros, P., Mery, V., Lafontaine, A., Robinson, A. R., Benedetti, A., Kimoff, R. J., & Kamińska, M. (2015) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2015/258418 · Cited by 15
Hendriks, M., Vinke, S., & Georgiev, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1257781 · Cited by 13
“As the disease progresses, other motor symptoms develop, including gait disturbances and postural instability (2).”
BackgroundNeuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Preclinical Data
Douna, H., Bavelaar, B. M., Pellikaan, H., Olivier, B., & Pieters, T. (2012) · The Open Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874143601206010012 · Cited by 13
“Moreover, the cognitive and autonomic functions of patients become increasingly impaired during the progression of PD [3].”
Gao, J. S., Du, L., He, W., Li, S., & Cheng, L. (2016) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.12.014 · Cited by 13
Blatt, J., Vellage, A., Baier, B., & Müller, N. G. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.013 · Cited by 13
“The diagnoses were based on current clinic criteria for aMCI (Winblad et al., 2004) and PD (UK brain bank criteria, see Reichmann (2010)) and were established by experienced neurologists.”
MethodZhao, Y., Dai, W.-J., & Liu, D. (2022) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-022-02211-y · Cited by 12
“The diagnosis of PD was performed according to the published guidelines [16], including (1) progressive slowness of movements, in which the condition became obvious after a long period of activities; (2) increased muscle tone at neck and/or limbs; (3) 4 to 6 Hz resting tremor or unstable posture; (4) unilateral onset…”
MethodHigh-resolution Anorectal Manometry in Parkinson Disease With Defecation Disorder
Yu, T., Wang, Y., Wu, G., Xu, Q., Tang, Y., & Lin, L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000469 · Cited by 12
“110 Painful defecation 2 (1-3) 3 (0-3) 0.”
InfluentialBannister, K., Smith, R. V., Wilkins, P., & Cummins, T. M. (2021) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00173-y · Cited by 12
Imaging of VMAT2 binding sites in the brain by 18F-AV-133: The effect of a pseudo-carrier
Zhu, L., Qiao, H., Lieberman, B. P., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Pan, Z., Plöessl, K., Choi, S., Chan, P., & Kung, H. F. (2012) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.05.002 · Cited by 11
Dual task effect on upper and lower extremity skills in different stages of Parkinson’s disease
Gülşen, E. Ö., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2022) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-022-02007-x · Cited by 10
“At the same time, disturbed balance in the retropulsion pull test constitutes a turning point in distinguishing the mild stage from the moderate stage in PD [37].”
BackgroundKhallaf, M. E., & Fathy, H. (2011) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.xme.0000398454.71337.40 · Cited by 10
Ribeiro, G. R., Campos, C. H., Câmara‐Souza, M. B., do Amaral, C. F., & Garcia, R. C. M. R. (2018) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/scd.12351 · Cited by 10
Transcranial sonography on Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.
Chitsaz, A., Mehrbod, N., Saadatnia, M., Fereidan-Esfahani, M., Akbari, M., & Abtahi, S.-H. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 9
Removable prosthesis hygiene in elders with Parkinson's disease
Ribeiro, G. R., Campos, C. H., & Garcia, R. C. M. R. (2017) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/scd.12251 · Cited by 9
Obís, J., García‐Martín, E., Orduna, E., Viladés, E., Alarcia, R., Rodrigo, M. J., Pablo, L. E., Polo, V., Poves, J. M. L., & Satué, M. (2020) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia · doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20200008 · Cited by 8
“The diagnosis of PD was reached by one experienced neurologist using the United Kingdom Brain Bank Criteria(16).”
MethodAlberts, T., Antipova, V., Holzmann, C., Hawlitschka, A., Schmitt, O., Kurth, J., Stenzel, J., Lindner, T., Krause, B. J., Wree, A., et al. (2022) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins14020094 · Cited by 8
BAMBO, M., García‐Martín, E., Satué, M., Oliván, S. P., Alayón, S., González-Hernández, M., Polo, V., Larrosa, J. M., & González-de-la-Rosa, M. (2014) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2014/946540 · Cited by 8
“For diagnosis of “definite” PD, three or more of the following criteria were required in combination with those mentioned above: unilateral onset, progressive disorder, persistent asymmetry affecting the side of onset the most, excellent response (70%–100%) to levodopa, severe levodopa-induced chorea, levodopa respons…”
BackgroundMethodTemporomandibular joint dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: an integrative literature review
Silva, T. V. D. A., Coriolano, M. D. G. W. D. S., & Lins, C. C. D. S. A. (2017) · Revista CEFAC · doi:10.1590/1982-0216201719516416 · Cited by 8
Hu, C., Zhang, L., Luo, G., Yao, H., Song, X., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00323.2024 · Cited by 6
Enhanced scaling crossover detection in long-range correlated time series
Fujimoto, Y., Mangalam, M., & Kiyono, K. (2024) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals X · doi:10.1016/j.csfx.2024.100125 · Cited by 7
Babaei, J. F., Sedighi, M., Mehrabi, S., Pournik, O., Taheri, A. S., Kamalzadeh, L., Zarei, M., Roghani, M., Golab, F., Almasi‐Dooghaee, M., et al. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.952 · Cited by 7
“Also, PD was diagnosed in the case of micrographia, visible resting tremor, hypomimia, slowed repetitive movements, impaired arm swing, and pain in muscles.(19) Patients with frequent extrapyramidal signs, more rapid cognitive dysfunction, and greater deficit in the putative neuropsychological examination of frontal l…”
BackgroundDiagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
Lingor, P., Liman, J., Kallenberg, K., Sahlmann, C., & Bähr, M. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/18987 · Cited by 7
“The test is usually considered positive, if the patient improves by at least 30 % in the UPDRS – a number which may be too ambitious in patients presenting only with mild symptoms (Reichmann, 2010).”
Walters, K. R., Armstrong, M., Gardner, B., Ambler, G., Hunter, R. M., Maydon, B., Davies, N., Atkinson, C., Brown, R. G., Rookes, T., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07700-7 · Cited by 6
“The trial will include community-dwelling adults (i.e. aged 18 and above) with a confirmed diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease (defined using UK Brain Bank Criteria [19]), including those with dementia diagnosed at least 1 year after their Parkinson’s diagnosis.”
MethodGu, Q., Liu, X., Zeng, Q., Guan, X., Zhou, C., Guo, T., Zhang, B., & Zhang, M. (2022) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-21-1090 · Cited by 6
Assessing postural balance in early Parkinson’s Disease—validity of the BDL balance scale
Claesson, I. M., Grooten, W. J. A., Lökk, J., & Ståhle, A. (2017) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2017.1318424 · Cited by 6
“An impaired pull test marks a turning point from early PD (HY stage 0–2) to complicated PD (HY stage 3–4) (Keus et al., 2014; Reichmann, 2010;).”
BackgroundDiagnosis and Management of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease
Dancis, A., & Cotter, V. T. (2015) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.11.023 · Cited by 5
Mukaetova‐Ladinska, E. B. (2011) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl.11.7 · Cited by 5
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease
Alkhazndar, A., Hweidy, K., Rashad, M., & Alboraie, M. A. A. (2022) · Al-Azhar International Medical Journal /Al-Azhar International Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/aimj.2022.112403.1745 · Cited by 5
Functional and molecular early enteric biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease in mice and menPreprint
Gries, M., Christmann, A., Schulte, S., Weyland, M., Rommel, S., Martin, M., Baller, M. K., Röth, R., Schmitteckert, S., Unger, M. M., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.136556 · Cited by 5
Christodoulou, D., Reeves, S., Carvalho, N. P., Stellman, J., & Gould, R. L. (2025) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2025.2511957 · Cited by 4
“Studies were included if participants were 1) aged 18 years or above, 2) with a formal diagnosis of PD based on Movement Disorders Society (Postuma et al., 2015) and/or UK Brain Bank Criteria (Reichmann, 2010), 3) with or without comorbid conditions (e.g. depression and/or anxiety).”
Zhou, G., Shen, Y., Chen, T., Chan, P., & Du, Y. (2013) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2013.1352 · Cited by 4
“PD diagnosis was in accordance with the diagnostic criteria for PD of the Parkinson's UK Brain Bank.”
Controversial Issues in Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease
Chen, S.-Y., Tsai, S., & Li, S. C. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/16705 · Cited by 4
“The UK Brain Bank Diagnostic Criteria for PD is recommended for assessing all surgical candidates, although it should be noted that the early symptoms of PD, such as hyposmia, REM sleep behavioral disorders, constipation and depression may precede the obvious motor symptoms and are not included on the list [13].”
BackgroundBetter balance with somatosensory exercises : a Parkinson perspective
Claesson, I. M. (2018) · Figshare · Cited by 4
Wang, R.-F., Li, Y., Zhang, H.-Y., Xu, S., Wang, Z., Han, X.-M., & Liu, B. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148173 · Cited by 3
Clinical Report on an Implant-Supported Overdenture in a Parkinson’s Patient
Barakati, T., Ghafari, E., Niakan, S., Humkar, O., Shadab, H., & Ehsan, H. (2024) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry · doi:10.2147/ccide.s462756 · Cited by 3
Salauddin, Zaidi, S. A. A., Ubaid, M., Shamim, S., Naim, M. J., Khanna, S., & Alam, O. (2024) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273324300241010054029 · Cited by 3
Neuroinflammation and Parkinson’s Disease
Ros‐Bernal, F., Yuste, J. E., Tarragón, E., Ortiz, V., Gómez, A., Ros, C. M., Fernández‐Villalba, E., & Herrero, M. T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5836-4_6 · Cited by 3
“PD is characterized by motor symptoms like resting tremor, slowed movement, postural instability, and muscle rigidity (Reichmann 2010); however, there are other symptoms that may include olfactory dysfunctions, urinary problems, constipation, or sleep disruptions and which can halt or even slow down the progression of…”
BackgroundKragelj, V., Georgiev, D., Pirtošek, Z., & Ribarič, S. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/934746 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Reichmann, H.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Reichmann, Heinz
- ORCID
- Reichmann, Heinz
- Venue
- Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 284-290
- ISSN
- 1660-2854 (ISSN-L)
- 1660-2862
- OpenAlex
- W2080778120
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurodegenerative Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, diagnosis, bradykinesia, postural instability, REM sleep behavior disorder, hyposmia, constipation, depression, genetic testing, apomorphine test, SPECT, PET, essential tremor, atypical Parkinson's disease
- MeSH terms
- Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Movement, Parkinson Disease, Point-of-Care Systems, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Early Diagnosis
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