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Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) follows the UK Brain Bank Criteria, which demands bradykinesia and one additional symptom, i.e. rigidity, resting tremor or postural instability. The latter is not a useful sign for the early diagnosis of PD, because it does not appear before Hoehn and Yahr stage 3. Early symptoms of PD which precede the onset of motor symptoms are hyposmia, REM sleep behavioral disorder, constipation, and depression. In addition, an increasing number of patients whose PD is related to a genetic defect are being described. Thus, genetic testing may eventually develop into a tool to identify at-risk patients. The clinical diagnosis of PD can be supported by levodopa or apomorphine tests. Imaging studies such as cranial CT or MRI are helpful to distinguish idiopathic PD from atypical or secondary PD. SPECT and PET methods are valuable to distinguish PD tremor from essential tremor if this is clinically not possible. Using all of these methods, we may soon be able to make a premotor diagnosis of PD, which will raise the question whether early treatment is possible and ethically and clinically advisable.
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“Occasionally, the tremor involves the legs and other tremor types may occur (Reichmann 2010).”
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- 10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2809%2970042-0 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016%2Fj.expneurol.2009.03.002 · DOI
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Metadata
- Authors
- Reichmann, H.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Reichmann, Heinz
- ORCID
- Reichmann, Heinz
- Venue
- Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 284-290
- ISSN
- 1660-2854 (ISSN-L)
- 1660-2862
- OpenAlex
- W2080778120
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurodegenerative Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, diagnosis, bradykinesia, postural instability, REM sleep behavior disorder, hyposmia, constipation, depression, genetic testing, apomorphine test, SPECT, PET, essential tremor, atypical Parkinson's disease
- MeSH terms
- Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Movement, Parkinson Disease, Point-of-Care Systems, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Early Diagnosis
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