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Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews research and interventions that have grown up around a model of psychological well-being generated more than two decades ago to address neglected aspects of positive functioning such as purposeful engagement in life, realization of personal talents and capacities, and enlightened self-knowledge. The conceptual origins of this formulation are revisited and scientific products emerging from 6 thematic areas are examined: (1) how well-being changes across adult development and later life; (2) what are the personality correlates of well-being; (3) how well-being is linked with experiences in family life; (4) how well-being relates to work and other community activities; (5) what are the connections between well-being and health, including biological risk factors, and (6) via clinical and intervention studies, how psychological well-being can be promoted for ever-greater segments of society. Together, these topics illustrate flourishing interest across diverse scientific disciplines in understanding adults as striving, meaning-making, proactive organisms who are actively negotiating the challenges of life. A take-home message is that increasing evidence supports the health protective features of psychological well-being in reducing risk for disease and promoting length of life. A recurrent and increasingly important theme is resilience - the capacity to maintain or regain well-being in the face of adversity. Implications for future research and practice are considered.
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“although well-being levels are generally stable in the absence of interventions, there is increasing evidence that the different domains of well-being are malleable and can be effectively increased as a result of interventions (Diener & Ryan, 2009; Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999; Ryff, 2014).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Ryff, 2014
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“Patients with a variety of mental disorders who were judged to have remitted on symptomatic grounds still presented with impairment in psychological well-being compared to healthy control subjects 5,6 .”
From The pursuit of euthymia (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“There is, in fact, extensive evidence that positive affects and well-being represent protective factors for health and increase resistance to stressful life situations 6,32,[36][37][38] .”
From The pursuit of euthymia (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
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“These PPs (Well-being Therapy; Quality of Life therapy; Positive Psychotherapy, and Strengths based Counseling) are based on the hypothesis that it is possible to treat depression not only by focusing on decreasing the negative symptoms, but also by directly and primarily building positive emotions and promoting psychological strengths and a meaningful life [27, 31].”
From Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
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“An increasing number of randomized controlled trials show that purpose in life can be raised.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“A growing body of findings from longitudinal epidemiological studies show that purpose predicts reduced morbidity (e.g., reduced risk of Alzheimer ' s disease and mild cognitive impairment, as well as reduced risk of stroke and myocardial infarction) and extended longevity (10, 16 -21).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Ryff (10) reviewed over a dozen psychiatric intervention studies that have used various techniques (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, meditation, emotional disclosure) to enhance facets of psychological well-being.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“although well-being levels are generally stable in the absence of interventions, there is increasing evidence that the different domains of well-being are malleable and can be effectively increased as a result of interventions (Diener & Ryan, 2009; Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999; Ryff, 2014).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Ryff, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several promising interventions have shown that purpose, along with other facets of psychological well-being, can be improved for greater segments of the population (10, 51).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“The links between higher purpose and enhanced physical, biological, and neural health suggest that the benefits of purpose are broad, impacting several areas of the body and mind that are relevant to health [see Ryff (10) and Roepke, et al. (20) for recent reviews on this topic].”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as Ryff (10)
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“The conviction that one is the author of one’s own actions is often cited as a feature of psychological well-being [72–74].”
From Five studies evaluating the impact on mental health and mood of recalling, reading, and discussing fiction (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of psychological well-being are associated with better physical health [15] and buffer against future disorders [16, 65], suggesting that people with higher levels are potentially more resilient [66, 67].”
From Can We Increase Psychological Well-Being? The Effects of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
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Citations
Cites
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Self-citationФАКТОРЫ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА
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Research works printed but not linked: 10
- 10.1037%2F%2F0022-3514.57.6.1069 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.95.3.542 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.9.2.195 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.6.2.286 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.11.2.362 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.12.2.288 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.14.2.206 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.8.3.327 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0012-1649.35.3.760 · DOI
- 10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.161.10.1872 · DOI
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Items 501–600 of 1,004
Iskamto, D., Aftanorhan, A., & Ghazali, P. L. (2022) · IQTISHADIA Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam · doi:10.21043/iqtishadia.v15i1.14298 · Cited by 26
“This study adopts or uses a questionnaire from Ma (2008), Machiriri (2012), and Ryff (2014) to measure entrepreneur competence and satisfaction, as well as SMEs performance.”
MethodThanoi, W., Vongsirimas, N., Sitthimongkol, Y., & Klainin‐Yobas, P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031875 · Cited by 39
“Resilient university students could reappraise negative experiences as positive episodes [67], thus reducing the risk of maladaptive outcomes [68].”
BackgroundSlower respiration rate is associated with higher self-reported well-being after wellness training
Kral, T. R. A., Weng, H. Y., Mitra, V., Imhoff‐Smith, T., Azemi, E., Goldman, R. I., Rosenkranz, M. A., Wu, S., Chen, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43176-w · Cited by 26
“Greater PWB has been linked to better outcomes in physical health and biological regulation, as well as predicting reduced risk for diseases such as stroke and myocardial infarction 42 .”
When Do Drivers Interact with In-Vehicle Well-being Interventions?
Koch, K., Mishra, V., Liu, S., Berger, T., Fleisch, E., Kotz, D. F., & Wortmann, F. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3448116 · Cited by 27
“Empirical evidence indicates that higher levels of well-being lead to higher resilience, and thus contribute to the prevention of mental illness [14, 58].”
BackgroundCarney, J., & Robertson, C. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266323 · Cited by 25
The Role of Coping Skills for Developing Resilience Among Children and Adolescents
Ronen, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64537-3_14 · Cited by 38
MacIsaac, A., Mushquash, A. R., & Wekerle, C. (2022) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2022.24 · Cited by 28
“We used these briefer versions of the subscales to avoid respondent burnout while retaining psychometric properties (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodPredictive Power of Positive Mental Health: A Scoping Review
Margraf, J., Teismann, T., & Brailovskaia, J. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00788-x · Cited by 31
“In psychology, on the other hand, dimensional approaches have long been more widely accepted (Bohlmei-jer & Westerhof, 2021 ; Keyes, 2005 , 2007; Ryff, 2014; Suldo & Shaffer, 2008 ; Trompet-ter et al., 2017 ).”
InfluentialFarber, R. S., Kern, M. L., & Brusilovsky, E. (2015) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000023 · Cited by 20
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PEMAAFAN DENGAN KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGIS PADA KORBAN PERUNDUNGAN
Juwita, V. R., & Kustanti, E. R. (2020) · Jurnal EMPATI · doi:10.14710/empati.2018.20196 · Cited by 25
“Selain itu individu yang mampu menentukan nasibnya sendiri tanpa bergantung dengan orang lain, memiliki hubungan yang positif dengan orang lain, mengendalikan kondisi lingkungan sekitar, mampu mengembangkan dirinya sendiri, dan memiliki tujuan hidup yang jelas (Ryff, 2014).”
InfluentialVillarosa, J. B., & Ganotice, F. A. (2018) · Philippine Journal of Psychology · doi:10.31710/pjp/0051.01.01 · Cited by 36
“…psychological well-being, job performance, confirmatory factor analysis Theory and research regard psychological well-being not only as a key determinant of employee performance but also as a useful concept for understanding employees’ organizational behaviors in various settings (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundGratitude and the self: Amplifying the good within
Homan, K., & Hosack, L. (2019) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2019.1630345 · Cited by 33
“The Scales of Psychological Well-Being have been used extensively in other research (Ryff, 2014) and have been shown to correlate with other measures of positive functioning (Ryff, 1989).”
MethodHjelle, E. G., Bragstad, L. K., Kirkevold, M., Zucknick, M., Bronken, B. A., Martinsen, R., Kvigne, K. J., Kitzmüller, G., Mangset, M., Thommessen, B., et al. (2019) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2585 · Cited by 25
“Well-being generally refers to emotional reactions and subjective evaluations in response to events and includes a greater prevalence of positive than negative emotions and moods, satisfaction with life, sense of fulfilment, and positive relationships (21, 22).”
BackgroundAlfonso Urzúa, M., Leiva-Gutiérrez, J., Caqueo‐Urízar, A., & Vera-Villarroel, P. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219485 · Cited by 25
Allostatic overload in patients with essential hypertension
Guidi, J., Lucente, M., Piolanti, A., Roncuzzi, R., Rafanelli, C., & Sonino, N. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104545 · Cited by 25
Mental well-being among the oldest old: revisiting the model of healthy ageing in a Finnish context
Nordmyr, J., Cresswell‐Smith, J., Donisi, V., Lara, E., Martín‐María, N., Nyholm, L., & Forsman, A. K. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1734276 · Cited by 32
“Similarly, Ryff (2014) described the core dimensions of psychological wellbeing as autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, personal growth, positive relationships with others and self-acceptance.”
Fosco, G. M., Brinberg, M., & Ram, N. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1791945 · Cited by 25
“Consistent with early conceptions of EUD, meaning and engagement reflect a virtuous life through strivings to achieve one’s best capabilities (Ryff, 2013; Ryff & Singer, 2008).”
BackgroundMatranga, D., Restivo, V., Maniscalco, L., Bono, F., Pizzo, G., Lanza, G., Gaglio, V., Mazzucco, W., & Miceli, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155444 · Cited by 25
“Ryff [29] suggests the science of eudaimonia shows its relevance for multiple aspects of physical functioning, as well as for health research.”
BackgroundKarataş, S., Crocetti, E., Schwartz, S. J., & Rubini, M. (2021) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20395 · Cited by 28
Fastame, M. C., Ruiu, M., & Mulas, I. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01261-2 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, dispositional resilience concerns “the capacity to maintain or regain well-being in the face of adversity” (Ryff, 2014, p. 10) and facing challenges in life.”
BackgroundChen, Y., Hua, K., Huang, C., Zhou, G., & Wang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710635 · Cited by 36
"Does anyone even notice us?" COVID-19’s impact on academics’ well-being in a developing country
Hardman, J., Watermeyer, R., Shankar, K., Suri, V. R., Crick, T., Knight, C., McGaughey, F., & Chung, R. Y. (2022) · South African Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.20853/36-1-4844 · Cited by 25
“For most of its history, Western psychology has focused its analytical gaze on psychological dysfunction, rather than on defining mental health in terms of the presence of positive attributes, sometimes referred to as positive psychology (Ryff 1995; 2014).”
BackgroundEmpirical Relationships Among Five Types of Well-Being
Margolis, S., Schwitzgebel, E., Ozer, D. J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512531.003.0014 · Cited by 29
The role of personality traits and leisure activities in predicting wellbeing in young people
Asquith, S. L., Wang, X., Quintana, D. S., & Abraham, A. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00954-x · Cited by 30
Curtin, S., & Brown, L. (2018) · Tourist Studies · doi:10.1177/1468797618804162 · Cited by 27
Nova validação semântico-cultural e estudo psicométrico da CASP-19 em adultos e idosos brasileiros
Neri, A. L., Borim, F. S. A., Batistoni, S. S. T., Cachioni, M., Rabelo, D. F., Fontes, A. P., & Yassuda, M. S. (2018) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00181417 · Cited by 25
Akbari, A., & Khormaie, F. (2015) · International Journal of School Health · doi:10.17795/intjsh-26238 · Cited by 35
“The results of studies suggest that emotional intelligence has a positive effect on psychological well-being (14-16).”
BackgroundResultFoster, M. D. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.044 · Cited by 24
“First, positive feelings and “feeling useful” (Mozorov, 2009) are part of the larger constructs of subjective (Diener, 1984) and psychological well-being (Ryff & Keyes, 1985), which are consistent predictors of health (e.g., Diener & Chang, 2011; Howell, Kern & Lyubomirsky, 2007; Ryff, 2013).”
Yi, S. Y., & Kim, A. J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032606 · Cited by 29
“hedonic approach to well-being emphasizes positive emotional states, such as happiness and pleasure, while the eudemonic approach emphasizes full functioning of a person, including aspects of meaning, purpose, and self-actualization [10,11,13].”
BackgroundOCHIAI, Y., Takahashi, M., Matsuo, T., Sasaki, T., Sato, Y., Fukasawa, K., Araki, T., & Otsuka, Y. (2023) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2022-108672 · Cited by 28
Adolescent Stress, Psychological Distress and Well-Being: A Gender Analysis
Aznar, M. P. M., Fernández, I. I., Marichal, D. F., & Pérez, J. M. B. (2023) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2023.2210833 · Cited by 38
“…to have warm, satisfying and trusting relationships with others, refers to the welfare of others and the capacity of strong empathy; (6) self-acceptance, which concerns the knowledge and the acceptance of the multiple aspects of the self, awareness of personal limitations included (Ryff, 2014).”
Sayed, B. T., Younes, Z. B. B., Alkhayyat, A., Adhamova, I., & Teferi, H. (2024) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/s40468-024-00321-0 · Cited by 52
“Psychological well-being is defined as the pursuit of excellence and the realization of one’s full potential for self-fulfillment (Ryan & Deci, 2001; Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundDurgante, H. B., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2019) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-019-0119-2 · Cited by 26
“Nevertheless, available data illustrate that the purpose in life/meaning tends to decline with age, representing a risk factor itself for the physical and mental health of the elderly (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundWork-family conflict and well-being: moderating role of spirituality
Selvarajan, T. T., Singh, B., Stringer, D. Y., & Chapa, O. (2020) · Journal of Management Spirituality & Religion · doi:10.1080/14766086.2020.1796768 · Cited by 26
Orth, Z., & van Wyk, B. E. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037237 · Cited by 24
Buzzai, C., Sorrenti, L., Orecchio, S., Marino, D., & Filippello, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.533815 · Cited by 31
“…2015b; Martino et al., 2019a,b,c), explanatory style (Malhotra and Suri, 2016), dispositional optimism (Liu et al., 2018 (Duy and Yıldız, 2017; Seligman, 1991; Khosroshahi and Abad, 2012; Carver and Scheier, 2014; Ryff, 2014), and academic achievement (Steinmayr et al., 2016; Bücker et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMann, F. D., DeYoung, C. G., Tiberius, V., & Krueger, R. F. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12611 · Cited by 28
“…well-being, as conceived by psychologists (Keyes et al., 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2001), stems from a variety of intellectual traditions (reviewed by Ryff, 2014; Ryff & Singer, 2008), beginning with Aristotelian ethics and later incorporating psychological concepts including individuation (Jung, …”
BackgroundIrani, E., Park, S., & Hickman, R. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1904831 · Cited by 19
“Existing programs have been tested in non-clinical and clinical populations with a focus on individuals with mental health disorders (Ryff, 2014; Weiss et al., 2016).”
BackgroundZhao, S., Dong, Y., & Luo, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.735811 · Cited by 24
“ability to search for valuable professional opportunities growth likely contributes to profession exploration (36).”
BackgroundMeaning through attachment: an integrative framework
Dewitte, L., Granqvist, P., & Dezutter, J. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118799739 · Cited by 23
Cardiovascular Risk and Resilience Among Black Adults: Rationale and Design of the MECA Study
Islam, S. J., Kim, J. H., Topel, M., Liu, C., Ko, Y., Mujahid, M. S., Sims, M., Mubasher, M., Ejaz, K., Morgan‐Billingslea, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.015247 · Cited by 23
Kim, E. S., Wilkinson, R., Okuzono, S. S., Chen, Y., Shiba, K., Cowden, R. G., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2024) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004365 · Cited by 23
The Development of a Nystagmus-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire
McLean, R. J., Maconachie, G. D. E., Gottlob, I., & Maltby, J. (2016) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.05.033 · Cited by 23
Vaingankar, J. A., Subramaniam, M., Tan, L. W. L., Abdin, E., Lim, W. Y., Wee, H. L., Chong, S. A., & van Dam, R. M. (2018) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-018-0487-9 · Cited by 24
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Healthy in a crummy world: Implications of primal world beliefs for health psychology
Clifton, J. D. W., & Kim, E. S. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109463 · Cited by 23
Furtado, G. E., Caldo‐Silva, A., Pedrosa, A., Letieri, R. V., Hogervorst, E., Teixeira, A. M., & Ferreira, J. P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01568 · Cited by 23
“Carol Ryff, who has substantial expertise of PwB domains, makes clear the importance of introducing new concepts to help understand the links between the aging process and PwB, highlighting attitude and resilience (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundAdvancing the Science of Well-Being
Ryff, C. D., Boylan, J. M., & Kirsch, J. A. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512531.003.0019 · Cited by 25
Self-citationThe psychometric network structure of mental health in eating disorder patients
de Vos, J. A., Radstaak, M., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Westerhof, G. J. (2021) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2832 · Cited by 24
“Psychological well‐being is defined as positive individual mental functioning, indicated by six facets: self‐acceptance, personal growth, autonomy, environmental mastery, positive relationships and purpose in life (Ryff, 2014; Ryff & Singer, 1996).”
Backgroundvan Agteren, J. E., Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Iasiello, M. P., Furber, G., Howard, A., Woodyatt, L., Musker, M., & Kyrios, M. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/28044 · Cited by 22
“Decades of research by well-being pioneers such as Diener [13], Ryff [14], and Keyes [15], followed by researchers operating in the field of positive psychology [16], broached the important role of promoting mental well-being in the general population.”
BackgroundWinzer, R., Vaez, M., Lindberg, L., & Sorjonen, K. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00673-9 · Cited by 31
“These constructs have been identified as important factors in being able to cope with challenges in life [65].”
Chen, W., Gu, X., Chen, J., & Wang, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031434 · Cited by 24
“PWB is conducive to promoting physical and mental health among adolescent and adult populations [1,2,12].”
BackgroundComparing parental and school pressure in terms of their relations with students' well-being
Kleinkorres, R., Stang‐Rabrig, J., & McElvany, N. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102288 · Cited by 36
Hall, F. C., & Noonan, R. J. (2023) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2023.100254 · Cited by 33
Beyond polarization towards dynamic balance: harmony as the core of mental health
Fave, A. D., Wissing, M. P., & Brdar, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1177657 · Cited by 28
“…affect balance and life satisfaction; Diener, 2006) and psychological or eudaimonic well-being (PWB, comprising indicators of positive functioning and development; Ryan and Deci, 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1177657 Frontiers in Psychology 03 frontiersin.org 2001; Huta and Waterman, 2014; Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialBuick, F., Blackman, D. A., Glennie, M., Weeratunga, V., & O’Donnell, M. E. (2024) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/00910260241226731 · Cited by 35
“It is characterized by a range of dimensions, including self-acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, autonomy, having a sense of purpose and meaning in life, and personal growth (Ryff, 2014; Ryff et al., 2021; Ryff & Singer, 2008).”
Mentoring in international assignments: a personality traits perspective
Schuster, T., Ambrosius, J., & Bader, B. (2017) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-09-2016-0180 · Cited by 23
Shenkman, G., & Shmotkin, D. (2019) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1555392 · Cited by 23
“While the positive outcome variables of purpose in life and personal growth represented prominent features of psychological wellbeing (Ryff, 2014), examining the broad term of mental health may additionally shed important light on the association between SPPR and psychological functioning at large.”
BackgroundFerentinos, P. P., Yotsidi, V., Porichi, E., Douzenis, A., Papageorgiou, C., & Stalikas, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22780 · Cited by 23
Palma-Gómez, A., Herrero, R., Baños, R., García‐Palacios, A., Castañeiras, C. E., Fernández, G. L., Llull, D. M., Cudris–Torres, L., Barranco, L. A., Cárdenas-Gómez, L., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02536-w · Cited by 28
Rantanen, T., Pynnönen, K., Saajanaho, M., Siltanen, S., Karavirta, L., Kokko, K., Tourunen, A., Kauppinen, M., Rantalainen, T., Rantakokko, M., et al. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-1012-z · Cited by 24
Maree, J. G., Gerryts, E. W., Fletcher, L., & Olivier, J. (2019) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2019.1594646 · Cited by 23
“be a precursor of physical and mental illness (Caribbean Development Bank, 2015; Koen, 2013; Paul & Moser, 2009; Ryff, 2014).”
Guamanga, M. H., Saiz, C., Rivas, S. F., & Almeida, L. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1423441 · Cited by 22
“Ryff (1989, 2013), Ryff and Keyes (1995) contribution to the conceptual understanding and dissemination of PWB is notorious and highly valued in different fields of knowledge (Van Dierendonck and Lam, 2023).”
BackgroundAtan, T., & Obeng, H. A. (2024) · Asian Journal of Business and Accounting · doi:10.22452/ajba.vol17no2.5 · Cited by 28
“On the other hand, eudaimonic well-being, also known as psychological well-being, stems from the belief that people achieve satisfaction when they have a clear life purpose, face obstacles, and engage in personal growth (Ryff & Singer, 2008; Ryff, 2013).”
Bintliff, A. V., Stark, C., Author, Brown, L. D., & Alonso, A. (2018) · Dignity A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence · doi:10.23860/dignity.2018.03.03.03 · Cited by 21
“It is encouraging to note that growing evidence shows that wellbeing is modifiable and that wellbeing interventions in various communities show growth in promoting positive functioning (Fava, Cosci, Guidi, & Tomba, 2017; Fava, Rafanelli, Cazzaro, Conti, & Grandi, 1998; Ruini et al., 2007; Ruini & Fava, 2009, 2012; Rui…”
BackgroundMental and physical health effects of meaningful work and rewarding family responsibilities
Dich, N., Lund, R., Hansen, Å. M., & Rod, N. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214916 · Cited by 26
“Deriving sense of purpose from one’s professional and family life has long been recognized as an important component of thriving and well-being [3,30].”
BackgroundRandomized controlled trial of a well-being intervention in cardiac patients
Nikrahan, G. R., Eshaghi, L., Massey, C. N., Hemmat, A., Amonoo, H. L., Healy, B. C., & Huffman, J. C. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.06.005 · Cited by 23
Russo‐Netzer, P., & Bergman, Y. S. (2019) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2019.1704392 · Cited by 22
“…9 December 2019 KEYWORDS Prioritizing positivity; ultra-orthodox; sense of community; Life satisfaction Well-being, as the expression of optimal psychological functioning and experience, has been the focus of burgeoning scientific study (Diener, Lucas, Schimmack, & Helliwell, 2009; Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundYeo, K. J., & Yap, C. K. (2020) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1728501 · Cited by 27
“To understand how these individuals overcome stress and excel under unpredictable and threatening situations, psychologists have been studying the individual differences in attributes, beliefs, and dispositional traits, all which are relevant to the development of resilience among individuals (Duan, 2016; Hobfoll, 198…”
BackgroundBatra, K., Morgan, A. E., & Sharma, M. (2020) · Signa Vitae · doi:10.22514/sv.2020.16.0070 · Cited by 24
“Aging involves a decline in these constructs, which may translate into social isolation and loneliness [23, 24].”
BackgroundMindfulness, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Posttraumatic Growth in Aid Workers
Wen, X., An, Y., Zhou, Y., Du, J., & Xu, W. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001275 · Cited by 23
“According to Ryff's opinion (Ryff, 1989, 1995, 2014), people with high levels of self-acceptance have a positive attitude toward themselves per se and their past.”
BackgroundPsychological distress and well-being: their association with temporomandibular disorder symptoms
Marpaung, C. D., Yap, A. U., Hanin, I., & Fitryanur, A. (2021) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1080/08869634.2021.1971449 · Cited by 22
“Psychological well-being is an essential factor for better health [8] and refers to inter-and intra-individual levels of positive functioning that include one’s relatedness with others and self-referent attitudes [7].”
BackgroundSalleh, R. R., Ismail, N. A. H., & Idrus, F. (2021) · International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology · doi:10.18196/ijiep.v2i2.12572 · Cited by 27
“Autonomy refers to seeking people’s values (Ryff, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialde la Fuente, J., Uríen, B., Luís, E. O., Torres, M. C. G., Garde, R. A., & Balaguer, Á. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856558 · Cited by 31
“He proposes six key components of wellbeing: purpose in life, mastery of the environment, positive relationships, self-acceptance, personal growth, and autonomy) (Ryff and Singer, 2006; Ryff, 2014, 2016).”
BackgroundRiordan, K. M., MacCoon, D. G., Barrett, B. P., Rosenkranz, M. A., Chungyalpa, D., Lam, S. U., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101900 · Cited by 25
Kassis, W., Janousch, C., Sidler, P., Aksoy, D., Favre, C. A., & Ertanir, B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276794 · Cited by 26
Rose, S., Burton, D., Kercher, V. M. M., Grindley, E., & Richardson, C. M. E. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102365 · Cited by 22
Haricharan, S. J. (2023) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v21i0.2080 · Cited by 37
Sapranavičiūtė-Zabazlajeva, L., Lukšienė, D., Virvičiūtė, D., Krančiukaitė-Butylkinienė, D., Bobák, M., & Tamošiūnas, A. (2018) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.05.002 · Cited by 22
“It is known that PWB changes with age; however, it is not clear whether it improves or worsens with age (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundPromoting and Implementing the Mediterranean Diet in the Southern Hemisphere: the Chilean Experience
Echeverría, G., Catalina Dussaillant, K., McGee, E. E., Mena, C., Nitsche, M. P., Urquiaga, I., Marcela Bitran, C., Nuria Pedrals, G., & Rigotti, A. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0307-7 · Cited by 25
Izzaty, R. E. (2018) · Psychological Research and Intervention · doi:10.21831/pri.v1i2.22024 · Cited by 19
“…well-being show self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy, and positive relations with others (Rabito-Alcon & RodriguezMolina, 2016; Ryff, 2014; Snyder & Lopez, 2007; Ryff & Singer, 2006; Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2001; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).”
Positive Psychological Well-Being at Work: The Role of Eudaimonia
der Kinderen, S., & Khapova, S. N. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02470-3_79-1 · Cited by 29
Zhang, Z., & Chen, W. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643211019508 · Cited by 25
“Purpose in life is generally defined as an individual’s sense of meaning, purpose, and direction in his or her life and is central to one’s well-being (Ryff, 2014; Steger et al., 2006).”
BackgroundDeclining Life Satisfaction and Happiness Among Young Adults in Six English-speaking Countries
Twenge, J. M., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2025) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w33490 · Cited by 29
Mira, A., Bretón-López, J., Enrique, Á., Castilla, D., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02360 · Cited by 21
Psychological well-being and perceived financial performance: An SME perspective
Farrington, S. (2017) · South African Journal of Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajbm.v48i4.42 · Cited by 21
Meaning in life and the experience of older people
Derkx, P. H. J. M., Bos, P., Laceulle, H., & Machielse, A. (2019) · International Journal of Ageing and Later Life · doi:10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.19467 · Cited by 21
“On closer examination, however, dominant definitions of well-being and quality of life (Diener et al. 2009; Ryff 2014; WHOQOL Group 1998) turn out to largely ignore important dimensions of meaning (which we will indicate below).”
BackgroundConceptual and Clinical Innovations of Well-being Therapy
Guidi, J., & Fava, G. A. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-021-00101-1 · Cited by 27
Yap, A. U., Marpaung, C. D., & Rahmadini, E. D. (2021) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2021.02.012 · Cited by 21
Making autonomy an instrument: a pragmatist account of contextualized autonomy
Racine, É., Kusch, S., Cascio, M. A., & Bogossian, A. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00811-z · Cited by 26
Moro, G. L., Corezzi, M., Bert, F., Buda, A., Gualano, M. R., & Siliquini, R. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1970567 · Cited by 23
Marenus, M. W., Murray, A., Friedman, K., Sanowski, J., Ottensoser, H., Cahuas, A., Kumaravel, V., & Chen, W. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/8400241 · Cited by 23
“Most research on psychological health has focused on the presence and treatment of mental illness and has framed well-being as simply the absence of negative functioning [6].”
BackgroundAn Association Between Montessori Education in Childhood and Adult Wellbeing
Lillard, A. S., Meyer, M. J., Vasc, D., & Fukuda, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721943 · Cited by 21
“…development, education, Montessori, positive psychology INTRODUCTION Wellbeing, or the felt experience of health, happiness, and flourishing, predicts several desirable outcomes including better health and work performance, longevity, and more positive social behavior and relations (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundThriving in Residency: a Qualitative Study
Hyman, J., & Doolittle, B. R. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07504-6 · Cited by 21
Purpose in life promotes resilience to age-related brain burden in middle-aged adults
Abellaneda‐Pérez, K., Cattaneo, G., Cabello‐Toscano, M. R., Sánchez, J. S., Mulet‐Pons, L., Vaqué‐Alcázar, L., Perellón‐Alfonso, R., Solé‐Padullés, C., Bargalló, N., Tormos, J. M., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01198-6 · Cited by 28
“Hence, it has been previously highlighted that having a strong sense of meaning and future-oriented goals may result in a greater capacity to tolerate challenging situations for mental and physical health [25, 26].”
BackgroundHow virtual wellness retreat experiences may influence psychological well-being
Rahmani, Z., Mackenzie, S. H., & Carr, A. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.03.007 · Cited by 30
Interpersonal psychological well-being among coach-athlete-sport psychology practitioner triads
Simpson, R. A. C., Didymus, F. F., & Williams, T. L. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102435 · Cited by 21
Kobylińska, D., Lewczuk, K., Wizła, M., Marcowski, P., Blaison, C., Kastendieck, T., & Heß, U. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33032-2 · Cited by 21
“The completed questionnaire measures included: Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) Scale 70–72 , The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) 73,74 , and Big-Five Factor Markers from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) 75 .”
García-Álvarez, D. D. J., Soler, M. J., Cobo-Rendon, R. C., & Hernández-Lalinde, J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15139852 · Cited by 21
Khasawneh, M. A. S., Ismail, S. M., & Hussen, N. (2024) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/s40468-024-00318-9 · Cited by 45
“The Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB S) assessed the participants’ PW. PW-B S was developed by Ryff (2014) and Babnik et al. (2022); the initial iteration comprised 6 dimensions, each containing 20 items.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Ryff, C. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ryff, Carol D.
- ORCID
- Ryff, Carol D.
- Venue
- Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2013-11-19
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-28
- ISSN
- 0033-3190 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0348
- PMC
- PMC4241300
- OpenAlex
- W2077192309
- Cited by
- 2,976
- References
- 221
- Citations by year
- 2026: 313 · 2025: 332 · 2024: 336 · 2023: 340 · 2022: 342 · 2021: 297 · 2020: 317 · 2019: 210 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 8.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG027343, P01AG020166)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, eudaimonia, meaning-making, resilience, adult development, family life, biological risk factors, well-being promotion, intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aging, Mental Disorders, Family, Health Status, Humans, Human Development, Mental Health, Models, Psychological, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Philosophy, Psychological Theory, Self Concept, Workload, Personal Autonomy, Biomedical Research, Resilience, Psychological
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