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Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews research and interventions that have grown up around a model of psychological well-being generated more than two decades ago to address neglected aspects of positive functioning such as purposeful engagement in life, realization of personal talents and capacities, and enlightened self-knowledge. The conceptual origins of this formulation are revisited and scientific products emerging from 6 thematic areas are examined: (1) how well-being changes across adult development and later life; (2) what are the personality correlates of well-being; (3) how well-being is linked with experiences in family life; (4) how well-being relates to work and other community activities; (5) what are the connections between well-being and health, including biological risk factors, and (6) via clinical and intervention studies, how psychological well-being can be promoted for ever-greater segments of society. Together, these topics illustrate flourishing interest across diverse scientific disciplines in understanding adults as striving, meaning-making, proactive organisms who are actively negotiating the challenges of life. A take-home message is that increasing evidence supports the health protective features of psychological well-being in reducing risk for disease and promoting length of life. A recurrent and increasingly important theme is resilience - the capacity to maintain or regain well-being in the face of adversity. Implications for future research and practice are considered.
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“although well-being levels are generally stable in the absence of interventions, there is increasing evidence that the different domains of well-being are malleable and can be effectively increased as a result of interventions (Diener & Ryan, 2009; Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999; Ryff, 2014).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Ryff, 2014
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“Patients with a variety of mental disorders who were judged to have remitted on symptomatic grounds still presented with impairment in psychological well-being compared to healthy control subjects 5,6 .”
From The pursuit of euthymia (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
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“There is, in fact, extensive evidence that positive affects and well-being represent protective factors for health and increase resistance to stressful life situations 6,32,[36][37][38] .”
From The pursuit of euthymia (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
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“These PPs (Well-being Therapy; Quality of Life therapy; Positive Psychotherapy, and Strengths based Counseling) are based on the hypothesis that it is possible to treat depression not only by focusing on decreasing the negative symptoms, but also by directly and primarily building positive emotions and promoting psychological strengths and a meaningful life [27, 31].”
From Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
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“An increasing number of randomized controlled trials show that purpose in life can be raised.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“A growing body of findings from longitudinal epidemiological studies show that purpose predicts reduced morbidity (e.g., reduced risk of Alzheimer ' s disease and mild cognitive impairment, as well as reduced risk of stroke and myocardial infarction) and extended longevity (10, 16 -21).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Ryff (10) reviewed over a dozen psychiatric intervention studies that have used various techniques (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, meditation, emotional disclosure) to enhance facets of psychological well-being.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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In the citing paper
“although well-being levels are generally stable in the absence of interventions, there is increasing evidence that the different domains of well-being are malleable and can be effectively increased as a result of interventions (Diener & Ryan, 2009; Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999; Ryff, 2014).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Ryff, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Several promising interventions have shown that purpose, along with other facets of psychological well-being, can be improved for greater segments of the population (10, 51).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“The links between higher purpose and enhanced physical, biological, and neural health suggest that the benefits of purpose are broad, impacting several areas of the body and mind that are relevant to health [see Ryff (10) and Roepke, et al. (20) for recent reviews on this topic].”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as Ryff (10)
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“The conviction that one is the author of one’s own actions is often cited as a feature of psychological well-being [72–74].”
From Five studies evaluating the impact on mental health and mood of recalling, reading, and discussing fiction (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of psychological well-being are associated with better physical health [15] and buffer against future disorders [16, 65], suggesting that people with higher levels are potentially more resilient [66, 67].”
From Can We Increase Psychological Well-Being? The Effects of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
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Socioeconomic and psychosocial predictors of interleukin-6 in the MIDUS national sample
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Self-citationMeasuring psychological well-being in the Chinese
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Are identity styles important for psychological well‐being?
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Multiple Roles and Well-being: Sociodemographic and Psychological Moderators
Ahrens, C. J. C., & Ryff, C. (2006) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9134-8 · Cited by 179
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The Role of Social Comparisons Processes in the Psychological Adaptation of Elderly Adults
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Self-citationA pilot study of loving-kindness meditation for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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Chronic physical conditions and aging: Is mental health a potential protective factor?
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Three paths of adult development: Conservers, seekers, and achievers
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Consequences of early parental loss and separation for health and well-being in midlife
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Spirituality and Well-Being in Frail and Nonfrail Older Adults
Kirby, S. E., Coleman, P. G., & Daley, D. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/59.3.p123 · Cited by 169
Lindfors, P., Berntsson, L. T., & Lundberg, U. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.016 · Cited by 167
Social Inequalities and Exercise during Adulthood: Toward an Ecological Perspective
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Realism and Illusion in Americans' Temporal Views of Their Life Satisfaction
Lachman, M. E., Röcke, C., Rosnick, C. B., & Ryff, C. D. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02173.x · Cited by 158
Self-citationNeural correlates of the ‘good life’: eudaimonic well-being is associated with insular cortex volume
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Living Well With Medical Comorbidities: A Biopsychosocial Perspective
Friedman, E. M., & Ryff, C. D. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr152 · Cited by 156
Self-citationPsychological Well-Being: Its Relation to Work Personality, Vocational Identity, and Career Thoughts
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Is low cortisol release an indicator of positive health?
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Sustained striatal activity predicts eudaimonic well-being and cortisol output
Heller, A. S., van Reekum, C. M., Schaefer, S. M., Lapate, R. C., Radler, B. T., Ryff, C. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613490744 · Cited by 150
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Self‐transformation as a factor in the self‐esteem and well‐being of breast cancer survivors
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Remembered Parenting Styles and Adjustment in Middle and Late Adulthood
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Positive value change during college: Normative trends and individual differences
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Experience and Well-being: Explorations on Domains of Life and How they Matter
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Self-citationPhysical and mental health in later life: The self-system as mediator.
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Cultural Perspectives on Aging and Well-Being: A Comparison of Japan and the U.S.
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The Fulfillment of Career Dreams at Midlife: Does it Matter for Women's Mental Health?
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Well-Being in Canadian Seniors: Findings from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging
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Well‐being therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
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Clinimetrics and Clinical Psychometrics: Macro- and Micro-Analysis
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Greenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.08.012 · Cited by 122
Change in depressive symptoms among daughter caregivers: An 18-month longitudinal study.
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The effect of time volunteering and charitable donations in later life on psychological wellbeing
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Psychological Assessment of Primary Aldosteronism: A Controlled Study
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A simple instrument for assessing stress in clinical practice
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Toward a developmental psychology of Sehnsucht (life longings): The optimal (utopian) life.
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Adaptive Changes in the Self-Concept During a Life Transition
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Distinctive late-life challenges: Implications for coping and well-being.
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Toward Health Promotion: Physical and Social Behaviors in Complete Health
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The role of self-enhancing evaluations in a successful life transition.
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Self-citationPsychological well-being in relation to frailty: a frailty identity crisis?
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Friedman, E. M. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06040.x · Cited by 81
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Self-citationLGB Identity and Eudaimonic Well Being in Midlife
Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., & Danner, F. (2009) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918360903054277 · Cited by 78
The Psychological Consequences of Work-Family Trade-Offs for Three Cohorts of Men and Women
Carr, D. (2002) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3090096 · Cited by 73
Frazier, C., Mintz, L. B., & Mobley, M. (2005) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.583 · Cited by 71
A life-span perspective on women's careers, health, and well-being
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Psychosocial predictors of changing sleep patterns in aging women: A multiple pathway approach.
Phelan, C. H., Love, G. D., Ryff, C. D., Brown, R., & Heidrich, S. M. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0019622 · Cited by 68
Self-citationParenthood, Stress, and Mental Health in Late Midlife and Early Old Age
Pudrovska, T. (2009) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/ag.68.2.b · Cited by 66
Interactive Effects of Traits on Adjustment to a Life Transition
Bardi, A., & Ryff, C. D. (2007) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00462.x · Cited by 66
Self-citationVarieties of Resilience in MIDUS
Ryff, C. D., Friedman, E. M., Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., Love, G. D., Miyamoto, Y., Boylan, J. M., Radler, B., & Tsenkova, V. K. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00462.x · Cited by 66
Self-citationManaging daily life with age-related sensory loss: Cognitive resources gain in importance.
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Biopsychosocial factors related to depression in aged care residents
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Tsenkova, V. K., Love, G. D., Singer, B. H., & Ryff, C. D. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318157466f · Cited by 63
Self-citationThe “Sense of Coherence” and the coping capacity of patients with Parkinson disease
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Associations between benefit finding and adjustment outcomes in thyroid cancer
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The relationship between perceived parenting styles, social support with psychological well- being
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Insomnia symptoms and well-being: Longitudinal follow-up.
Karlson, C., Gallagher, M. W., Olson, C. A., & Hamilton, N. A. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028186 · Cited by 58
Psychological Well - Being and Physical Self-Esteem in Sport and Exercise
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Divorce Adjustment as a Function of Finding Meaning and Gender Differences
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Ego Integrity in the Lives of Older Women
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Predictors of Positive Psychosocial Functioning of Older Adults in Residential Care Facilities
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Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in paranoia and depression.
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Family Dynamics in Adolescence Affect Midlife Well-Being.
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Psychosocial impairment in patients treated for pituitary disease: a controlled study
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ryff, C. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ryff, Carol D.
- ORCID
- Ryff, Carol D.
- Venue
- Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2013-11-19
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-28
- ISSN
- 0033-3190 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0348
- PMC
- PMC4241300
- OpenAlex
- W2077192309
- Cited by
- 2,976
- References
- 221
- Citations by year
- 2026: 313 · 2025: 332 · 2024: 336 · 2023: 340 · 2022: 342 · 2021: 297 · 2020: 317 · 2019: 210 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 8.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG027343, P01AG020166)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, eudaimonia, meaning-making, resilience, adult development, family life, biological risk factors, well-being promotion, intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aging, Mental Disorders, Family, Health Status, Humans, Human Development, Mental Health, Models, Psychological, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Philosophy, Psychological Theory, Self Concept, Workload, Personal Autonomy, Biomedical Research, Resilience, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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