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Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews research and interventions that have grown up around a model of psychological well-being generated more than two decades ago to address neglected aspects of positive functioning such as purposeful engagement in life, realization of personal talents and capacities, and enlightened self-knowledge. The conceptual origins of this formulation are revisited and scientific products emerging from 6 thematic areas are examined: (1) how well-being changes across adult development and later life; (2) what are the personality correlates of well-being; (3) how well-being is linked with experiences in family life; (4) how well-being relates to work and other community activities; (5) what are the connections between well-being and health, including biological risk factors, and (6) via clinical and intervention studies, how psychological well-being can be promoted for ever-greater segments of society. Together, these topics illustrate flourishing interest across diverse scientific disciplines in understanding adults as striving, meaning-making, proactive organisms who are actively negotiating the challenges of life. A take-home message is that increasing evidence supports the health protective features of psychological well-being in reducing risk for disease and promoting length of life. A recurrent and increasingly important theme is resilience - the capacity to maintain or regain well-being in the face of adversity. Implications for future research and practice are considered.
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“although well-being levels are generally stable in the absence of interventions, there is increasing evidence that the different domains of well-being are malleable and can be effectively increased as a result of interventions (Diener & Ryan, 2009; Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999; Ryff, 2014).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Ryff, 2014
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“Patients with a variety of mental disorders who were judged to have remitted on symptomatic grounds still presented with impairment in psychological well-being compared to healthy control subjects 5,6 .”
From The pursuit of euthymia (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“There is, in fact, extensive evidence that positive affects and well-being represent protective factors for health and increase resistance to stressful life situations 6,32,[36][37][38] .”
From The pursuit of euthymia (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“These PPs (Well-being Therapy; Quality of Life therapy; Positive Psychotherapy, and Strengths based Counseling) are based on the hypothesis that it is possible to treat depression not only by focusing on decreasing the negative symptoms, but also by directly and primarily building positive emotions and promoting psychological strengths and a meaningful life [27, 31].”
From Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“An increasing number of randomized controlled trials show that purpose in life can be raised.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“A growing body of findings from longitudinal epidemiological studies show that purpose predicts reduced morbidity (e.g., reduced risk of Alzheimer ' s disease and mild cognitive impairment, as well as reduced risk of stroke and myocardial infarction) and extended longevity (10, 16 -21).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Ryff (10) reviewed over a dozen psychiatric intervention studies that have used various techniques (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, meditation, emotional disclosure) to enhance facets of psychological well-being.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“although well-being levels are generally stable in the absence of interventions, there is increasing evidence that the different domains of well-being are malleable and can be effectively increased as a result of interventions (Diener & Ryan, 2009; Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999; Ryff, 2014).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Ryff, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several promising interventions have shown that purpose, along with other facets of psychological well-being, can be improved for greater segments of the population (10, 51).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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“The links between higher purpose and enhanced physical, biological, and neural health suggest that the benefits of purpose are broad, impacting several areas of the body and mind that are relevant to health [see Ryff (10) and Roepke, et al. (20) for recent reviews on this topic].”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as Ryff (10)
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“The conviction that one is the author of one’s own actions is often cited as a feature of psychological well-being [72–74].”
From Five studies evaluating the impact on mental health and mood of recalling, reading, and discussing fiction (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of psychological well-being are associated with better physical health [15] and buffer against future disorders [16, 65], suggesting that people with higher levels are potentially more resilient [66, 67].”
From Can We Increase Psychological Well-Being? The Effects of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
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Citations
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Self-citationФАКТОРЫ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА
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Research works printed but not linked: 10
- 10.1037%2F%2F0022-3514.57.6.1069 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.95.3.542 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.9.2.195 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.6.2.286 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.11.2.362 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.12.2.288 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.14.2.206 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0882-7974.8.3.327 · DOI
- 10.1037%2F0012-1649.35.3.760 · DOI
- 10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.161.10.1872 · DOI
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Items 201–300 of 1,004
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Miller‐Graff, L. E. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020967329 · Cited by 72
“Incidentally, many of the characteristics of eudaimonic well-being, omitted from the manifested resilience in this taxonomy, are best captured here (e.g., meaning making, self-management, active engagement, environmental mastery; Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundAdvancing our understanding of the associations between social media use and well-being.
Valkenburg, P., Beyens, I., Meier, A., & Abeele, M. M. P. V. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101357 · Cited by 58
Gender Differences in Purpose in Life: The Mediation Effect of Altruism
Xi, J., Lee, M. T., Carter, J. R., & Delgado, D. (2018) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167818777658 · Cited by 69
“With more and more evidence indicating that these positive variables also link to biological risk factors and contribute to better physical health, studies on psychological well-being have brought new excitement to the health and psychological literature (Leontiev, 2014; Ryff, 2014; Schnell, 2012).”
BackgroundGardner, D. G. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109731 · Cited by 68
Rafanelli, C., Gostoli, S., Buzzichelli, S., Guidi, J., Sirri, L., Gallo, P., Marzola, E., Bergerone, S., Ferrari, G. M. D., Roncuzzi, R., et al. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000510006 · Cited by 62
Population Health Management for Older Adults
Tkatch, R., Musich, S. A., MacLeod, S., Alsgaard, K., Hawkins, K., & Yeh, C. S. (2016) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721416667877 · Cited by 67
“Conversely, depression, stress, and anxiety are predictors of low psychological well-being (Allerhand, Gale, & Deary, 2014; Ormel et al., 1998; Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundAdult Attachment and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Personality
Marrero, R. J., Blanco-Hernández, P. J., & Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-018-9297-x · Cited by 63
Secure attachment and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: The mediating role of self-compassion
Homan, K. J. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1254597 · Cited by 68
“The overall conclusion of several literature reviews was that higher levels of well-being predict better health and reduced mortality (Chida & Steptoe, 2008; Pressman & Cohen, 2005; Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialPurpose in life and conflict-related neural responses during health decision-making.
Kang, Y., Strecher, V. J., Kim, E. S., & Falk, E. B. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000729 · Cited by 61
“Supporting this view, stronger purpose in life is associated with greater likelihood of using preventative health services (Kim, Strecher, & Ryff, 2014), increased medication adherence (Musich, Wang, Kraemer, Hawkins, & Wicker, 2017), and more physical activity (Hooker & Masters, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodTse, D. C. K., Nakamura, J., & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1579362 · Cited by 68
“…on psychological well-being reveals that whereas personal growth declines by age, environmental mastery––how well people manage their environmental demands––remains stable across the lifespan (Ryff, 2014, 2018), posing question of whether challenge-skill balance is always accompanied by growth.”
BackgroundGreenfield, E. A., & Reyes, L. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu084 · Cited by 58
“Taken together, eudaimonic well-being addresses the extent to which adults are " … fully functioning or optimally developed " (Ryff, 2014, p. 11) and support the idea—originating from Aristotle's classic theorizing—that well-being”
BackgroundStanton, M. C., Ali, S., & Chaudhuri, S. (2016) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1189596 · Cited by 67
“A range of variables have been found to be correlated with enhanced wellbeing, including longevity and better physical health (Diener and Chan 2011; Ryan and Deci 2001; Ryff 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialUnderstanding Wellbeing Among College Music Students and Amateur Musicians in Western Switzerland
Philippe, R. A., Kosirnik, C., Vuichoud, N., Williamon, A., & von Roten, F. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00820 · Cited by 69
“The eudaimonic perspective encompasses a person’s optimal degree of functioning, focusing on meaning and selfrealization (Ryan and Deci, 2001) and dimensions of selfacceptance, autonomy, personal growth, positive relationships, environmental mastery, and goals in life (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundYan, T., Chan, C. W. H., Chow, K. M., Zheng, W., & Sun, M. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14356 · Cited by 62
IJntema, R. C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Burger, Y. D. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01813-5 · Cited by 74
“These benefits can be a new skill, self-knowledge, confidence and strengthened personal relationships or resources (Carver, 1998; Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundBiobehavioral Pathways and Cancer Progression: Insights for Improving Well-Being and Cancer Outcomes
Chang, A., Sloan, E. K., Antoni, M. H., Knight, J. M., Telles, R., & Lutgendorf, S. K. (2022) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/15347354221096081 · Cited by 61
Study on positive psychology from 1999 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis
Wang, F., Guo, J., & Guoyu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101157 · Cited by 80
“Ryff (1989, 2014, 2022) has studied psychological well-being for over 30 years in an effort to determine its fundamental components, find what conditions encourage or hinder it, and investigate how it impacts health.”
BackgroundHill, P., Turiano, N. A., Spiro, A., & Mroczek, D. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000020 · Cited by 46
“Having a purpose in life provides individuals with a sense of direction and goals for the future (Ryff, 1989, 2014), as well as a marker of eudemonia and a life well-lived (Ryff & Singer, 2008), and the construct of purpose can viewed similarly to a lighthouse or compass (Hill, Burrow, & Sumner,…”
BackgroundPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and Job Burnout Among Jail Officers
Jaegers, L. A., Matthieu, M. M., Vaughn, M. G., Werth, P. M., Katz, I. M., & Ahmad, S. O. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001600 · Cited by 57
The Euthymia Scale: A Clinimetric Analysis
Carrozzino, D., Svicher, A., Patierno, C., Berrocal, C., & Cosci, F. (2019) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000496230 · Cited by 54
Willis, S., Neil, R., Mellick, M., & Wasley, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00393 · Cited by 69
“Ryff (2014) suggests that eudaimonic well-being is made up of six factors: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and personal growth.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVik, M. H., & Carlquist, E. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494817724952 · Cited by 63
Beyond hedonia: A theoretical reframing of caregiver well-being.
Marino, V. R., Haley, W. E., & Roth, D. L. (2017) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000134 · Cited by 57
The clinical science of Euthymia: a conceptual map
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Altruistic behaviors relieve physical pain
Wang, Y., Ge, J., Zhang, H., Wang, H., & Xie, X. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1911861117 · Cited by 58
Blakey, S. M., Dillon, K. H., Wagner, H. R., Simpson, T. L., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., & Elbogen, E. B. (2021) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001018 · Cited by 60
Manzi, C., Paderi, F., Benet‐Martínez, V., & Coen, S. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2533 · Cited by 62
It Is Not All About Money: Obtaining Additional Benefits Through Equity Crowdfunding
Wald, A. E., Holmesland, M., & Efrat, K. (2019) · The Journal of Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0971355719851899 · Cited by 54
“This recognition was described as providing a strong and positive feeling Wald et al. 285 in general, which is supported by previous findings regarding ego development and well-being (Ryff, 2014), and a facilitator of future investments.”
ResultSDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production
Franco, I. B., & Newey, L. (2019) · Science for Sustainable Societies · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9927-6_13 · Cited by 85
Zhang, D., Chan, D. C.-C., Niu, L., Liu, H., Zou, D., Chan, A. T. Y., Gao, T. T., Zhong, B., Sit, R. W. S., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.082 · Cited by 58
Work-life balance crafting behaviors: an empirical study
Gravador, L. N., & Teng‐Calleja, M. (2018) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-05-2016-0112 · Cited by 64
“This perspective has been used to examine relationships between well-being and mental and physical health, personality traits, family, and neurological processes (Ryff, 2014).”
MethodGómez-López, M., Viejo, C., Romera, E. M., & Ruiz, R. O. (2022) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-021-09899-w · Cited by 53
“…mastery, or the ability to efficiently manage the environment and make effective use of the surrounding opportunities; and autonomy, or the ability to regulate behaviour from within, resist social pressure to think or act in a certain ways, and evaluate self by personal standards (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRapkin, B. D., Garcia, I., Michael, W., Zhang, J., & Schwartz, C. E. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1600-y · Cited by 53
Subjective and psychological well-being among elderly participants of a University of the Third Age
Cachioni, M., Delfino, L. L., Yassuda, M. S., Batistoni, S. S. T., de Melo, R. C., & Domingues, M. A. R. D. C. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/1981-22562017020.160179 · Cited by 53
Lee, E., Spence, J. C., Tremblay, M. S., & Carson, V. (2018) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.02.001 · Cited by 53
“…decades from simply measuring hedonic indicators (e.g., feeling good, happy, satisfied with life) to assessing eudaimonic indicators of psychological well-being (e.g., autonomy, self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery, positive relationships, and personal growth) (Ryff, 1989, 2014).”
BackgroundPancheva, M. G., Ryff, C. D., & Lucchini, M. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00325-6 · Cited by 63
“In the present study, we adopt a view of eudaimonia based on a model of psychological well-being (EWB) that aims to assess the degree to which a person is fully functioning, including in contexts of challenges or adversity (Ryff 1989, 2014, 2018).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMitchell, A. M., & Christian, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00023-6 · Cited by 52
“A growing body of literature in nonpregnant adults has examined well-being indicators in relation to biological functioning (e.g., Ryff, 2014), with studies showing that greater eudaimonic well-being, including more purpose in life, is associated with lower levels of soluble IL-6 receptor as well…”
BackgroundRoswiyani, R., Hiew, C. H., Witteman, C. L. M., Satiadarma, M. P., & Spijker, J. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1617239 · Cited by 55
The development and initial validation of a multidimensional flourishing scale
Mesurado, B., Crespo, R. F., Rodríguez, O., Debeljuh, P., & Carlier, S. I. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9957-9 · Cited by 57
“Thus, a person may feel full psychological well-being, yet experience more frequent negative emotions and less frequent positive emotions due to specific circumstances (Ryff 2014).”
BackgroundTrompetter, H. R., Bohlmeijer, E. T., Lamers, S. M. A., & Schreurs, K. M. G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00353 · Cited by 51
God, Purpose in Life, and Mental Well‐Being Among Older Adults
Rainville, C., & Mehegan, L. (2018) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12565 · Cited by 51
Risk and Protective Factors for Changes in Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment During COVID‐19
Romm, K. F., Park, Y. W., Hughes, J. L., & Gentzler, A. L. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12667 · Cited by 65
“…(i.e., savoring) and the pursuit of well-being (i.e., hedonic and eudaimonic motives) have been shown to act as protective factors in other contexts (e.g., low socioeconomic status (SES), high stress or adversity, after an earthquake; Bijttebier et al., 2012; Ryff, 2014; Troy & Mauss, 2011).”
BackgroundMeasuring Mental Wellness of Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Instruments
Orth, Z., Moosajee, F., & van Wyk, B. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835601 · Cited by 51
“However, mental health is more than the absence of [mental] illness symptoms and should also include measures of wellness (Manderscheid et al., 2010; Ryff, 2013; Manwell et al., 2015; Eriksson et al., 2019).”
BackgroundQuality-of-life in older adults: its association with emotional distress and psychological wellbeing
López, J., Pérez-Rojo, G., Noriega, C., Cabaco, A. S., Maciá, E. S., & Bonete-López, B. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05401-7 · Cited by 51
“However, we included these two dimensions since they are key elements in psychological functioning and have been described previously as the main components of eudaimonia [18].”
Backgroundder Kinderen, S., Valk, A., Khapova, S. N., & Tims, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041173 · Cited by 61
“This conceptualization, and the related scales, has been used widely in empirical studies—with a number of consolidations made by the author [42,43], but has made limited inroads into organizational studies.”
MethodBazargan-Hejazi, S., Shirazi, A., Wang, A., Shlobin, N. A., Karunungan, K., Shulman, J., Marzio, R., Ebrahim, G., Shay, W., & Slavin, S. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-03021-y · Cited by 56
Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63600-9 · Cited by 50
Autonomy and identity: the role of two developmental tasks on adolescent's wellbeing
Ruiz, W. D. G., & Yabut, H. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1309690 · Cited by 80
Psychological Wellbeing and Healthy Aging: Focus on Telomeres
Boccardi, M., & Boccardi, V. (2019) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics4010025 · Cited by 54
“It seems that happy people live longer and in health [22].”
BackgroundAn investigation into the factor structure of the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being
Henn, C. M., Hill, C., & Jorgensen, L. I. (2016) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v42i1.1275 · Cited by 73
“Ryff’s model of psychological well-being draws widely from various theories, such as the humanistic understandings of Maslow, Allport and Rogers (Ryff & Keyes, 1995), the utilitarian philosophy of Mill and Russell (Ryff, 2013a) and life-span theories of human development such as Erikson’s stages of development (Burns…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFuller‐Rowell, T. E., Curtis, D. S., Chae, D. H., & Ryff, C. D. (2018) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000616 · Cited by 52
“This finding is consistent with theory and research indicating greater emotional stability and psychological resilience at older ages (Charles & Carstensen, 2010; Ryff, 2014), which may serve to protect against unfair treatment in workplace settings.”
Self-citationBrown, K., Schirmer, J., & Upton, P. (2022) · Current Research in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2022.100170 · Cited by 59
Meléndez, J. C., Satorres, E., Redondo, R., Escudero, J. V., & Pitarque, A. (2018) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2018.04.004 · Cited by 55
“Recently, Ryff (2014) found that the scientific output in the field of development and aging reveals that progression through the developmental tasks of adult life is linked to greater well-being, even though aging is accompanied by a decline in purpose in life and personal growth.”
BackgroundUsing Eudaimonic Well‐being to Improve Lives
Ruini, C., & Ryff, C. D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468197.ch11 · Cited by 51
Self-citationJung, Y., Pawlowski, S. D., & Kim, H. (2016) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.10.005 · Cited by 49
Psychological well-being and mental health recovery in the NIMH RAISE early treatment program
Browne, J., Penn, D. L., Meyer-Kalos, P., Mueser, K. T., Estroff, S. E., Brunette, M. F., Correll, C. U., Robinson, J. A., Rosenheck, R. A., Schooler, N. R., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.032 · Cited by 48
“Average (t(1714) = 3.30, p = 0.001), SPWB Total Average (t(1780)= 4.38, p b 0.0001) and SPWB subscale scores of Environmental Mastery (t(1710) = 2.49, p = 0.013), Personal Growth (t(1713) = 2.72, p = 0.007), Positive Relationships (t(1712) = 3.42, p = 0.001), Purpose in Life (t(1713) = 4.16, p b 0.0001), and Self-Acce…”
BackgroundInfluentialVerhaeghen, P. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0959-3 · Cited by 52
“These results fit well with Ryff’s work (Ryff 2014; Ryff and Singer 2008) on psychological well-being as flourishing (or eudaimonia), that is, Bto strive, to be proactive, to makemeaning and, as articulated by Aristotle over 2000 years ago, to pursue the highest good that is within us^ (Ryff and…”
ResultGreen, Z. A. (2019) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-019-09401-7 · Cited by 53
Duncan, A. R., Jaini, P. A., & Hellman, C. M. (2020) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827620908255 · Cited by 53
Carreno, D. F., Eisenbeck, N., Pérez‐Escobar, J. A., & García‐Montes, J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648280 · Cited by 59
“…(1989) proposed the construct of “psychological well-being” as a composite of six domains (self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth), a model that has received extensive empirical support (Ryff, 2014; Ryff et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSense of purpose in life is associated with lower risk of incident dementia: A meta-analysis
Sutin, A., Aschwanden, D., Luchetti, M., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210364 · Cited by 34
“A sense of purpose in life is the feeling that one’s life is goal-oriented and driven [2] and is one component of a meaningful life [3].”
Lise, F. D., Luyckx, K., & Crocetti, E. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01901-8 · Cited by 67
“The realization of these potentials is associated with higher psychological well-being (Ryff, 1989, 2014).”
BackgroundIn Their Own Words: How Adolescents Use Social Media and How It Affects Them
van der Wal, A., Valkenburg, P. M., & van Driel, I. I. (2024) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051241248591 · Cited by 97
Increasing Psychological Well-being in Clinical and Educational Settings
Fava, G. A., & Ruini, C. (2014) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8669-0 · Cited by 54
Development and Validation of the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Children (PWB-c)
Opree, S. J., Buijzen, M., & van Reijmersdal, E. A. (2018) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc8010018 · Cited by 60
“Well-being therapy, aimed at stimulating reflection on each of the PWB dimensions, can be used to promote resilience in non-clinical samples [45] and to reduce relapse in depressed individuals [46].”
MethodRogers, K., Dodds, C., Campbell, M., & Young, A. M. (2018) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0976-x · Cited by 47
Eva, N., Shanti, P., Hidayah, N. E. F., & Bisri, M. (2020) · Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling · doi:10.17977/um001v5i32020p122 · Cited by 47
Behzadnia, B., Deci, E. L., & DeHaan, C. R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6968-5_4 · Cited by 51
“(Ryan, Huta, & Deci, 2008; Ryff, 2014).”
Purpose in Life, Loneliness, and Protective Health Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kang, Y., Cosme, D., Pei, R., Pandey, P., Tartak, J. C., & Falk, E. B. (2021) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnab081 · Cited by 47
“…in purpose in life were measured by a modified seven-item version of the Psychological Well-Being Scales (WBS; Ryff, 1989) that includes a purpose in life subscale that assesses individuals’ sense of purpose as one of the key components of eudaimonic well-being (Ryff, 2014; Ryff & Singer, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExamining the Mental Well-Being of Australian Sport Coaches
Carson, F., Malakellis, M., Walsh, J., Main, L. C., & Kremer, P. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234601 · Cited by 47
“, an ability to achieve personal goals) as individuals age, particularly the use of more adaptive coping strategies [18].”
BackgroundYu, C. H., Trier, H. A., & Slama, M. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0737-5 · Cited by 46
“It is important to point out that satisfaction with life is one of many aspects of psychological well-being (Ryff and Keyes 1995; Ryff 2014).”
BackgroundFlow Experiences Across Adulthood: Preliminary Findings on the Continuity Hypothesis
Tse, D. C. K., Nakamura, J., & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00514-5 · Cited by 46
“For psychological well-being (PWB), studies have revealed a negative effect of age on personal growth (e.g., Ryff, 1995, 2014; cf. Mann et al., 2021).”
BackgroundAnxiety in the Medically Ill: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Romanazzo, S., Mansueto, G., & Cosci, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.873126 · Cited by 56
“psychological well-being (57, 58), which can be eventually empowered to cope with anxiety (59) and the organic disease (60, 61).”
BackgroundRevealing the double‐edged sword: Introducing the Technology and Consumer Well‐being Paradox Model
McLean, G., Krey, N., & Barhorst, J. B. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22110 · Cited by 55
Community Resilience throughout the Lifespan – The Potential Contribution of Healthy Elders
Cohen, O., Geva, D., Lahad, M., Bolotin, A., Leykin, D., Goldberg, A., & Aharonson‐Daniel, L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148125 · Cited by 46
“[44] found that among studies which measured self-reported health, the earlier period of aging indicated, via social comparison processes, that later life physical health is associated with psychological well-being.”
BackgroundJoshanloo, M., & Jovanović, V. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2016.1222058 · Cited by 46
Positive Orientation—a Common Base for Hedonistic and Eudemonistic Happiness?
Oleś, P., & Jankowski, T. (2017) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-017-9508-9 · Cited by 48
“, Ryff 2014); however, various psychological theories emphasize either the former or latter understanding of well-being, but seldom both to an equal extent (Bandura 2001; Frankl 1984; Fredrikson and Losada 2005; Jacobsen 2007; Ryff 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialArnout, B. A., & Almoied, A. A. (2020) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12316 · Cited by 61
Associations Between Purpose in Life and Mortality by SES
Shiba, K., Kubzansky, L., Williams, D. R., VanderWeele, T., & Kim, E. S. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.02.011 · Cited by 37
Voon, S. P., Lau, P. L., Leong, K. E., & Jaafar, J. L. (2021) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-021-00590-w · Cited by 45
“The most important aspect of choosing SPWB 42-item version is the good psychometric properties it portrays (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundEnhancing Consumer Well-Being and Behavior with Spiritual and Fantasy Advertising
Dodds, S., Jaud, D. A., & Melnyk, V. (2021) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2021.1939203 · Cited by 51
“We suggest that spiritual and fantasy advertising enhances eudaimonic well-being because it focuses on the actualization of human potential, which enhances consumer well-being by helping fulfill one’s true nature (Ryff 2014).”
BackgroundChan, D., Chan, L., & Sun, X. (2019) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000403 · Cited by 44
General and Life-Domain Procrastination in Highly Educated Adults in Israel
Hen, M., & Goroshit, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01173 · Cited by 45
“…that the two life domains mostly procrastinated by highly educated adults (health and leisure time) are to some degree associated with adult physical and psychological well-being (Ryff, 2014) and overall wellness (Stussman et al., 2015) and therefore needs to be carefully monitored and addressed.”
BackgroundArslan, Ü., & Asıcı, E. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01251-9 · Cited by 54
“…acting autonomously, managing life and the relationships, having beliefs that one leads a purposeful and meaningful life (Ryan and Deci 2001; Ryff 2014; Ryff and Singer 2008), being open to innovation and development (İkiz and Asıcı 2017), and having social support systems and being…”
BackgroundXu, Y., Yu, Y., Xie, Y., Li, P., Liu, B., Xie, J., Bian, C., & Li, M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.011 · Cited by 44
“Greeks, and resided in Aristotle’s formulation of the highest human good, namely, eudaimonia (Ryff, 2013).”
BackgroundSubjective and psychological well-being in Parkinson's Disease: A systematic review
Vescovelli, F., Sarti, D., & Ruini, C. (2018) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12946 · Cited by 46
Reyes, M. F., Satorres, E., & Meléndez, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464819867554 · Cited by 49
“The results contribute to current evidence showing that well-being is determined by psychosocial and cultural factors, and that these factors are related in different ways to PWB and SWB (Keyes et al., 2002; Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialEudaimonic Well-Being in Adolescents: The Role of Trait Emotional Intelligence and Personality
Salavera, C., Supervía, P. U., Teruel, P., & Laborda, J. L. A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12072742 · Cited by 51
“Each dimension represents a different challenge to a positive psychological outlook [13].”
BackgroundSense of Purpose Predicts Daily Positive Events and Attenuates Their Influence on Positive Affect
Hill, P., Sin, N. L., Almeida, D., & Burrow, A. L. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000776 · Cited by 39
“1069 Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000353263 Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social…”
BackgroundInfluentialNg, T. K. S., Gan, D. R. Y., Mahendran, R., Kua, E. H., & Ho, R. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114191 · Cited by 46
Morales-Torres, R., Carrasco-Gubernatis, C., Grasso-Cladera, A., Cosmelli, D., Parada, F. J., & Palacios-García, I. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071706 · Cited by 44
“, positive-negative affect) and a cognitive component considered ‘satisfaction with life’ [24], defined as the overall conception that a person has of their own life [25].”
BackgroundHeshmati, S., Oravecz, Z., Brick, T. R., & Roeser, R. W. (2020) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2020.1766356 · Cited by 43
Parental stress and adjustment in the context of rare genetic syndromes: A scoping review
Fitzgerald, J., & Gallagher, L. (2021) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629521995378 · Cited by 45
“…is implied by the absence of negative outcomes rather than by the presence of factors associated with wellbeing such as autonomy, self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery, positive relationships, personal growth that interact and contribute to psychological wellbeing (Ryff, 2014).”
BackgroundSobol, M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.004 · Cited by 46
Positive Attitudes towards Technologies and facets of Well-being in Older Adults
Zambianchi, M., & Carelli, M. G. (2016) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464816647825 · Cited by 50
“As research has demonstrated a linkage between these two eudaimonic component and health status, such as hemoglobin glycosylate and rapid eye movements (REM) sleep quality (Ryff, 2014; Ryff, Singer, & Love, 2004), this trend constitutes risk factor for health and well-being of the oldest.”
Big Five and psychological and subjective well-being in Colombian older adults
Meléndez, J. C., Satorres, E., Cujiño, M. A., & Reyes, M. F. (2019) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.01.016 · Cited by 43
Psychological well-being and health perception: predictors for past, present and future
Leite, Â., Ramires, A., de Moura, A., Souto, T., & Marôco, J. (2019) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000194 · Cited by 40
Shenkman, G., Siboni, O., Tasker, F., & Costa, P. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00091 · Cited by 56
“Personal growth is representative of eudemonic wellbeing, namely a reflection upon existential challenges of life in relation to meaning restructuring (Ryff, 1995, 2014).”
BackgroundSense of Purpose in Life and Likelihood of Future Illicit Drug Use or Prescription Medication Misuse
Kim, E. S., Ryff, C. D., Hassett, A. L., Brummett, C. M., Yeh, C. S., & Strecher, V. J. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000842 · Cited by 44
Self-citationGallan, A. S., Kabadayi, S., Ali, F., Helkkula, A., Wu, L. L., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.028 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Ryff, C. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ryff, Carol D.
- ORCID
- Ryff, Carol D.
- Venue
- Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2013-11-19
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-28
- ISSN
- 0033-3190 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0348
- PMC
- PMC4241300
- OpenAlex
- W2077192309
- Cited by
- 2,976
- References
- 221
- Citations by year
- 2026: 313 · 2025: 332 · 2024: 336 · 2023: 340 · 2022: 342 · 2021: 297 · 2020: 317 · 2019: 210 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 8.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG027343, P01AG020166)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, eudaimonia, meaning-making, resilience, adult development, family life, biological risk factors, well-being promotion, intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aging, Mental Disorders, Family, Health Status, Humans, Human Development, Mental Health, Models, Psychological, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Philosophy, Psychological Theory, Self Concept, Workload, Personal Autonomy, Biomedical Research, Resilience, Psychological
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