Neurofeedback, self-regulation and brain imaging: clinical science and fad in the service of mental disorders

Toward discovery science of human brain function

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A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee

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A spelling device for the paralysed

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Default Mode Network Activity and Connectivity in Psychopathology

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Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Brain–Computer InterfacesPrinciples and Practice

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Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior.

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A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC SURGERY FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE

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Brain–machine interface in chronic stroke rehabilitation: A controlled study

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A quantitative comparison of NIRS and fMRI across multiple cognitive tasks

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Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI

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Efficacy of Neurofeedback Treatment in ADHD: The Effects on Inattention, Impulsivity and Hyperactivity: A Meta-Analysis

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Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor, and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses

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Near infrared spectroscopy

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The good-subject effect: investigating participant demand characteristics

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Enhanced performance by a hybrid NIRS–EEG brain computer interface

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Think to Move: a Neuromagnetic Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) System for Chronic Stroke

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EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. I: A review of cognitive and affective outcome in healthy participants

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Temporal classification of multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy signals of motor imagery for developing a brain–computer interface

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Interpreting EEG alpha activity

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Neurofeedback training of the upper alpha frequency band in EEG improves cognitive performance

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Do medical devices have enhanced placebo effects?

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Real-time fMRI neurofeedback: Progress and challenges

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An MEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI)

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Neurofeedback Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Comparison with Methylphenidate

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Increasing Individual Upper Alpha Power by Neurofeedback Improves Cognitive Performance in Human Subjects

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Evaluation of neurofeedback in ADHD: The long and winding road

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Commercial Features of Placebo and Therapeutic Efficacy

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EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperkinetic child concurrent with training of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)

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Corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for learning intentional neuroprosthetic skills

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The Effects of Stimulant Therapy, EEG Biofeedback, and Parenting Style on the Primary Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Regulation of anterior insular cortex activity using real-time fMRI

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What is Neurofeedback: An Update

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Mechanisms of white matter changes induced by meditation

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Suppression of seizures in an epileptic following sensorimotor EEG feedback training

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EEG Neurofeedback: A Brief Overview and an Example of Peak Alpha Frequency Training for Cognitive Enhancement in the Elderly

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Self-Regulation of Amygdala Activation Using Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback

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Evidence-based practice in biofeedback and neurofeedback

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Self-regulation of Slow Cortical Potentials: A New Treatment for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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The placebo is powerful: Estimating placebo effects in medicine and psychotherapy from randomized clinical trials

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Acquired self‐control of insula cortex modulates emotion recognition and brain network connectivity in schizophrenia

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Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

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Neurofeedback for Children with ADHD: A Comparison of SCP and Theta/Beta Protocols

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Self‐regulation of regional cortical activity using real‐time fMRI: The right inferior frontal gyrus and linguistic processing

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Near-infrared Spectroscopy–mediated Neurofeedback Enhances Efficacy of Motor Imagery–based Training in Poststroke Victims

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Electroencephalographic Biofeedback in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Modification of Slow Cortical Potentials in Patients with Refractory Epilepsy: A Controlled Outcome Study

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Mind over chatter: Plastic up-regulation of the fMRI salience network directly after EEG neurofeedback

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Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

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Volitional Control of Anterior Insula Activity Modulates the Response to Aversive Stimuli. A Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

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Ecological validity of neurofeedback: modulation of slow wave EEG enhances musical performance.

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Meta-Analysis of EEG Biofeedback in Treating Epilepsy

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Learned regulation of brain metabolism

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Self-regulation of human brain activity using simultaneous real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback

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Instrumental conditioning of sensorimotor cortex EEG spindles in the waking cat

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ADHD and EEG-neurofeedback: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study

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Comparison of EEG correlates of reinforcement, internal inhibition and sleep

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Cortical self-regulation in patients with epilepsies

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A Review of Neurofeedback Treatment for Pediatric ADHD

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Ecological validity of neurofeedback

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Neurofeedback in ADHD: a single-blind randomized controlled trial

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Neurofeedback Using Real-Time Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Enhances Motor Imagery Related Cortical Activation

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Volitional reduction of anterior cingulate cortex activity produces decreased cue craving in smoking cessation: a preliminary real-time fMRI study

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Chronic stroke recovery after combined BCI training and physiotherapy: A case report

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Modulation of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex activity with real‐time neurofeedback

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Instrumental Conditioning of Human Sensorimotor Rhythm (12-15 Hz) and Its Impact on Sleep as Well as Declarative Learning

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Connectivity-based neurofeedback: Dynamic causal modeling for real-time fMRI

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ERPs correlates of EEG relative beta training in ADHD children

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Prefrontal Control of the Amygdala during Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training of Emotion Regulation

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A cross-national EEG study of children with emotional and behavioral problems: A WHO collaborative study in the Western Pacific region

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EEG Neurofeedback for ADHD

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All trials must be registered and the results published

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Positive behavioral and electrophysiological changes following neurofeedback training in children with autism

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Neurofeedback-mediated self-regulation of the dopaminergic midbrain

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EEG Signature and Phenomenology of Alpha/theta Neurofeedback Training Versus Mock Feedback

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Investigation of fMRI neurofeedback of differential primary motor cortex activity using kinesthetic motor imagery

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The effectiveness of EEG-feedback on attention, impulsivity and EEG: A sham feedback controlled study

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Self-modulation of primary motor cortex activity with motor and motor imagery tasks using real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback

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Near-infrared spectroscopy based neurofeedback training increases specific motor imagery related cortical activation compared to sham feedback

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Improved modulation of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex using real-time fMRI training and meta-cognitive awareness

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Empirical neuroenchantment: from reading minds to thinking critically

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Neural substrates of cognitive control under the belief of getting neurofeedback training

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An Exploratory Study on the Effects of Tele-neurofeedback and Tele-biofeedback on Objective and Subjective Sleep in Patients with Primary Insomnia

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Effects of Central Cortical EEG Feedback Training on Incidence of Poorly Controlled Seizures

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Self-Regulation of the Brain and Behavior

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Efficacy of EMG- and EEG-Biofeedback in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis and a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

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Neurofeedback fMRI‐mediated learning and consolidation of regional brain activation during motor imagery

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Improved Working Memory Performance through Self-Regulation of Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Using Real-Time fMRI

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Infraslow Neurofeedback Training Alters Effective Connectivity in Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Secondary Analysis of a Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study

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Sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback training relieves anxiety in healthy people

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Does Leadership Development Need to Care About Neuro-Ethics?

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Additive effects of EEG neurofeedback on medications for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Neuromeditation: The Science and Practice of Combining Neurofeedback and Meditation for Improved Mental Health

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Transforming Minds AI and Machine Learning Applications in Cognitive Neuroscience

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Neurofeedback on twitter: Evaluation of the scientific credibility and communication about the technique

Kober, S. E., Buchrieser, F., & Wood, G. M. D. O. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18931 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Neurofeedback strategies in binge-eating disorder as predictors of EEG-neurofeedback regulation success

Wimmer, J., Rösch, S. A., Schmidt, R., & Hilbert, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1234085 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Adaptive P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface for Attention Training: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Noble, S.-C., Woods, E., Ward, T. E., & Ringwood, J. V. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/46135 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Perspectives on Type III Statistical Errors: Exaggerating the Effects of Placebo in Neurofeedback

Trullinger, M., Novian, A., Russell‐Chapin, L. A., & Pradhan, D. (2019) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.6.1.38 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training as a Neurorehabilitation Approach on Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials

Méndez, P. G., Sitaram, R., Stanley, J. A., & Climent, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11236909 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Finding the EEG Footprint of Stress Resilience

Hasan, R. A., Ali, S. S. A., Tang, T. B., & Yusoff, M. S. B. (2022) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2183-3_76 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Empathy and event related potentials before and after EEG based neurofeedback training in autistic adolescents

Fietz, J., Auer, G. A., Plener, P. L., Poustka, L., & Konicar, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16767-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Neurofeedback technique for treating male schizophrenia patients with impulsive behavior: a randomized controlled study

Li, Z., Ren, H., Tian, Y., Zhou, J., Chen, W., Ouyang, G., Chen, Z., Yi, W., Song, H., Xie, P. P., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1472671 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Driver State Regulation via Real-Time Neurofeedback in Partially Automated Driving

Nobari, K. D., Bartsch, K., Albers, F., & Bertram, T. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294349 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Neurofeedback

Ghaziri, J., & Thibault, R. T. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816179-1.00019-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Evaluating the effects of multimodal EEG-fNIRS neurofeedback for motor imagery: An experimental platform and study protocol

Muller, C., Prampart, T., Bannier, É., Corouge, I., & Maurel, P. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0331177 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

How to Improve Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence From Noninvasive Neuromodulation Techniques

Akbari‐Gharalari, N., Fallahi, S., Nakhjiri, E., Hosseini, L., Pakkhou, S., Havaei, N., Khodakarimi, S., Shahabi, P., Jafarzadehgharehziaaddin, M., & Zangbar, H. S. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70613 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The Interface Is the (Art)Work: EEG-Feedback, Circuited Selves and the Rise of Real-Time Brainmedia (1964–1977)

Lysen, F. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14323-7_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Efficacy of low-cost wireless neurofeedback to modulate brain activity during motor imagery

Power, L., Neyedli, H. F., Boe, S. G., & Bardouille, T. (2020) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ab872c · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Spontaneous Modulation of Standard EEG Frequency Bands During a Neurofeedback‐Like Task

Maaz, J., Paban, V., Waroquier, L., & Rey, A. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70163 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

What Is Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)?

Chaudhary, U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78991-5_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The ISAD (Infraslow Neurofeedback for Anxiety and Depression) Study: A Protocol for a Trans-Diagnostic, Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Dose-Response, Parallel-Group TrialPreprint

Perez, T. M., Glue, P., Adhia, D. B., Smith, M. J., Ridder, D. D., Zeng, J., Dillingham, P. W., & Niazi, I. K. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-173667/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Neurofeedback Basics and Applications

Chaudhary, U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76081-5_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Neurofeedback: Applications, advancements, and future directions

Jubair, H., Islam, M. M., Sarker, A. K., Mehenaz, M., Akter, F., & Yeasmin, N. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70259 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Shaping inter-brain plasticity: A feasibility study of enhancing inter-brain synchrony with dyadic neurofeedback

Francis, M., Markus, A., Stuhr-Wulff, F., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.114894 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback in an Outpatient Setting: A Multilevel Modeling Approach

Ward, K. P., Porter, N. A., & Wood, D. S. (2019) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731519831355 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Potential use of neuroimaging as a tool to monitor brain imaging changes in politicians related to unethical decision making

Uludağ, K. (2022) · Scientific Studios on Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.33120/sssppj.vi49(52).263 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Neurological and Psychological Dimensions of Anguish, Anxiety, and Depression: A Transdiagnostic ReviewPreprint

Vieira, F. F. P. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7592427/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Neurofeedback

Neff, P. K. A., & Meyer, M. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35647-6_51 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

How Much Is the National Institute of Mental Health Spending on Studying Psychotherapy?

Galves, A., Hahn, P. D., Foreman, W., Zilberstein, K., Michaels, L. L., & Cole, M. (2025) · Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1891/ehpp-2024-0022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The genetic and somatic expressions of trauma: A review of pathology and treatment

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Challenges and Research Opportunities for Integrating Quantitative Electroencephalography Into Sports Concussion Rehabilitation

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Infraslow Closed-Loop Brain Training for Anxiety and Depression (ISAD): A pilot randomised, sham-controlled trial in adult females with internalizing disorders

Perez, T. M., Adhia, D. B., Glue, P., Zeng, J., Dillingham, P. W., Navid, M. S., Niazi, I. K., Young, C. K., Smith, M. L., & Ridder, D. J. M. K. D. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01279-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Longitudinal insights into the neurophysiology of cyberbullying involvement in adolescence: A Bayesian approach using EEG spectral power

Mills, L., Schwenn, P., Mitchell, J., Anijärv, T. E., Driver, C., Boyes, A., Prince, T., Sacks, D. D., & Hermens, D. F. (2025) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Entspannungsverfahren in der Psychiatrie

Zaudig, M., & Teicher, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_46

The Proposal of Investigating the Possible Extraversion Effect in the Neurofeedback

Vorkapić, S. T. (2017) · International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5923/j.ijpbs.20170704.04

[Research development of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neuro-feedback technology based on brain network connectivity].

He, W., Bu, H., Tong, L., Liu, F., Zeng, Y., Wang, L., & Yan, B. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.7507/1001-5515.201605037

Real-time fMRI neurofeedback training as a neurorehabilitation approach on depressive disorders: A systematic review of randomized control trialsPreprint

Méndez, P. G., Sitaram, R., Stanley, J. A., & Rodiño, J. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.20159319

Entspannungsverfahren in der Psychiatrie

Zaudig, M., & Teicher, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_46-1

Auswirkungen der Selbstwirksamkeit auf den Effekt eines Theta/Beta Neurofeedbacktrainings bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung

Schmiedeke, D. (2020) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8098

Working out the brain

Rasmijn, A. (2022) · doi:10.26481/dis.20220315ar

Further Readings

(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410513-3.00033-4

References

(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816179-1.00042-6

The Brain Jogging Training: Solution for Increasing Playing Skill in Field Hockey Athlete

Budiman, A., & Pasaribu, A. M. N. (2023) · Journal Coaching Education Sports · doi:10.31599/jces.v4i2.2145

Preventions and interventions for health promotion

Tang, Y., & Tang, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15602-1.00010-0

Regulating brain activity in the Visual Word Form Area with real-time fMRI neurofeedback in adults with typical and poor reading skillsPreprint

Frei, N., Pamplona, G. S. P., Haugg, A., & Brem, S. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.25341820

The self-regulating brain and neurofeedback: experimental science and clinical promise

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Neurofeedback: Applications, advancements, and future directions

Jubair, H., Islam, M. M., Sarker, A. K., Mehenaz, M., Akter, F., & Yeasmin, N. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70259 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Editorial: Neurofeedback: applications, techniques, and validity in clinical and non-clinical use

Min, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1960865

Neurofeedback: One of today's techniques in psychiatry?

Arns, M., Batail, J.-M., Bioulac, S., Congedo, M., Daudet, C., Drapier, D., Fovet, T., Jardri, R., Le-Van-Quyen, M., Lotte, F., et al. (2017) · L'Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2016.11.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Methodological Note: Neurofeedback: A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical Applications

Marzbani, H., Marateb, H., & Mansourian, M. (2016) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.15412/j.bcn.03070208 · Cited by 484 · see citing works