Real-time fMRI neurofeedback: Progress and challenges
Open accessAbstract
In February of 2012, the first international conference on real time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback was held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Switzerland. This review summarizes progress in the field, introduces current debates, elucidates open questions, and offers viewpoints derived from the conference. The review offers perspectives on study design, scientific and clinical applications, rtfMRI learning mechanisms and future outlook.
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No explicit strategies or instructions were given because implicit strategies have been shown to produce better outcomes.
“Notably, no explicit strategies or instructions were given as, with few exceptions [204], implicit strategies have been shown to produce better outcomes [205–210].”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [210]
In “Neurofeedback of physiological target response” (page unavailable), the paper calls the implicit-versus-explicit comparison an unresolved debate, not an established advantage for implicit strategies. It reports that one direct comparison found no learning with implicit strategies, while participants learned after receiving explicit strategies; other studies showed that implicit learning was possible, not that it produced better outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Sulzer, J., Haller, S., Scharnowski, F., Weiskopf, N., Birbaumer, N., Blefari, M. L., Bruehl, A. B., Cohen, L. G., deCharms, R. C., Gassert, R., Goebel, R., Herwig, U., LaConte, S., Linden, D., Luft, A., Seifritz, E., & Sitaram, R.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital (IT)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Omneuron (United States) (US)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Sulzer, J.
- Haller, S.
- Scharnowski, F.
- Weiskopf, N.
- Sitaram, R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 76
- Pages
- 386-399
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4878436
- OpenAlex
- W1990400194
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 4.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.zora.uzh.ch
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (31CO30_139955)
- European Commission
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- European Research Council
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
- Universität Zürich
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- real-time fMRI, neurofeedback, functional MRI, research design, clinical application, scientific applications
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurofeedback
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