Beneficial Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on circulatory resistin and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a 10-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of n-3 PUFAs (2,700 mg/day) versus placebo (soft gels containing 900 mg of edible paraffin). Forty-four T2DM patients were supplemented with n-3 PUFAs and another 44 patients received placebo (3 patients discontinued the trial). Serum resistin, MCP-1, and the lipid profile were measured before and after supplementation. The adiponectin-resistin index (1 + log10 [resistin] - log10 [adiponectin]) and atherogenic index (log10 triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) of plasma (an indicator of cardiovascular complications) were assessed. The independent Student t test was used to assess the differences between the supplement and placebo groups and the paired t test to analyze the before/after changes. RESULTS: In this study, n-3 PUFAs reduced serum MCP-1 levels (from 260.5 to 230.5 pg/mL; p = 0.002), but they remained unchanged in the placebo group. n-3 PUFAs could not decrease serum resistin levels. The adiponectin-resistin index was significantly reduced after supplementation with n-3 PUFAs when compared to the placebo. The atherogenic index was also significantly improved after supplementation with n-3 PUFAs (from 1.459 to 1.412; p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: The MCP-1 levels and lipid profile were improved after supplementation with n-3 PUFAs, but resistin serum levels were not changed. Hence, the anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs might be mediated by targeting MCP-1.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Moghissi, E. S., Korytkowski, M. T., DiNardo, M., Einhorn, D., Hellman, R., Hirsch, I. B., Inzucchi, S. E., Ismail-Beigi, F., Kirkman, M. S., & Umpierrez, G. E. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-9029 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
Resistin: functional roles and therapeutic considerations for cardiovascular disease
Jamaluddin, M. S., Weakley, S. M., Yao, Q. C., & Chen, C. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01369.x · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Onat, A., Can, G., Kaya, H., & Hergenç, G. (2010) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2010.02.005 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: A review
Nettleton, J. A., & Katz, R. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.029 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
(n-3) Fatty Acids Alleviate Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Mechanistic Insights
Kalupahana, N. S., Claycombe, K. J., & Moustaid-Moussa, N. (2011) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.111.000505 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Molecular and cellular mechanisms linking inflammation to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction
Khodabandehloo, H., Gorgani‐Firuzjaee, S., Panahi, G., & Meshkani, R. (2015) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2015.08.011 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
McTernan, P. G., Fisher, F. M., Valsamakis, G., Chetty, R., Harte, A. L., McTernan, C. L., Clark, P. M. S., Smith, S. A., Barnett, A. H., & Kumar, S. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030898 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Li, L., Yang, G., Li, Q., Tang, Y., Yang, M., Yang, H., & Li, K. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-2006-948309 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
CHOW, F. Y., Nikolic‐Paterson, D. J., Ma, F. Y., Ozols, E., Rollins, B. J., & Tesch, G. H. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0497-8 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Resistin in Rodents and Humans
Park, H. K., & Ahima, R. S. (2013) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.404 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Resistin and visfatin: regulators of insulin sensitivity, inflammation and immunity
Štofková, A. (2010) · Endocrine Regulations · doi:10.4149/endo_2010_01_25 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Targeting inflammation in diabetes: Newer therapeutic options
Agrawal, N. K. (2014) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.697 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Oxidized Omega-3 Fatty Acids Inhibit NF-κB Activation Via a PPARα-Dependent Pathway
Mishra, A., Chaudhary, A. K., & Sethi, S. M. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000137191.02577.86 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Human Subjects With Insulin Resistance
Spencer, M. L., Finlin, B. S., Ünal, R., Zhu, B., Morris, A. J., Shipp, L. R., Lee, J. D., Walton, R. G., Adu, A. K., Erfani, R. A., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-1042 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Pravenec, M., Kazdová, L., Landa, V., Zı́dek, V., Mlejnek, P., Jansa, P., Wang, J., Qi, N., & Kurtz, T. W. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m304869200 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Regulation of adipokine secretion by n -3 fatty acids
Moreno-Aliaga, M. J., Lorente‐Cebrián, S., & Martínez, J. A. (2010) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665110001801 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Dewell, A., Marvasti, F. F., Harris, W. S., Tsao, P., & Gardner, C. D. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.142240 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Correlation of plasma resistin with obesity and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients
Gharibeh, M. Y., Tawallbeh, G. M. A., Abboud, M. M., Radaideh, A. M., Alhader, A. A., & Khabour, O. F. (2010) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2010.05.003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Obesity and diabetes: the link between adipose tissue dysfunction and glucose homeostasis
Abranches, M. V., de Oliveira, F. C. E., da Conceição, L. L., & Pelúzio, M. D. C. G. (2015) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422415000098 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Lau, C., & Muniandy, S. (2011) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-10-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hung, A. M., Booker, C., Ellis, C. D., Siew, E. D., Graves, A. J., Shintani, A., Abumrad, N. N., Himmelfarb, J., & Ikizler, T. A. (2014) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfu283 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mostowik, M., Gajos, G., Zalewski, J., Nessler, J. M., & Undas, A. (2013) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-013-6457-x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Tokuyama, Y., Osawa, H., Ishizuka, T., Onuma, H., Matsui, K., Egashira, T., Makino, H., & Kanatsuka, A. (2007) · Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.12.019 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Resistin expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is reduced by arachidonic acid
Haugen, F., Naeem, Z., Dalen, K. T., Hollung, K., Nebb, H. I., & Drevon, C. A. (2004) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m400348-jlr200 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pharmacological effects of lipid-lowering drugs on circulating adipokines
Wanders, D. (2010) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v1.i4.116 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mazaherioun, M., Saedisomeolia, A., Javanbakht, M. H., Koohdani, F., Eshraghian, M. R., & Djalali, M. (2016) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2016.62139 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Adiponectin, Resistin and Leptin: Possible Markers of Metabolic Syndrome
Zhang, J. H., & Pronyuk, K. H. O. (2015) · Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.4172/2161-1017.1000212 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ding, W. J., Wang, Y., & Fan, J. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Pravenec M, Kazdová L, Landa V, et al: Trans- genic and recombinant resistin impair skele- tal muscle glucose metabolism in the sponta- neously hypertensive rat. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 45209-45215.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Western Diet and the Immune System: An Inflammatory Connection
Christ, A., Lauterbach, M., & Latz, E. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.020 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Multifaceted Physiological Roles of Adiponectin in Inflammation and Diseases
Choi, H. M., Doss, H. M., & Kim, K. S. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21041219 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Mineral oil: safety and use as placebo in REDUCE-IT and other clinical studies
Olshansky, B., Chung, M. K., Budoff, M. J., Philip, S., Jiao, L., Doyle, Jr., Copland, C., Giaquinto, A., Juliano, R. A., & Bhatt, D. L. (2020) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/suaa117 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Role of Omega- 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Narrative Review
Bayram, S. Ş., & Kızıltan, G. (2024) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-024-00561-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiao, Y., Zhang, Q., Liao, X., Elbelt, U., & Weylandt, K. H. (2022) · Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102456 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
de Souza, D. R., Pieri, B. L. D. S., Comin, V. H., Marques, S. D. O., Luciano, T. F., Rodrigues, M. S., & de Souza, C. T. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107553 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sasso, S., Souza, P. C. S. E., Santana, L. F., Cardoso, C. A. L., Alves, F. M., Portugal, L. C., de Faria, B. B., da Silva, A. F., Motta-Castro, A. R. C., Soares, L. S., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071509 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Banerjee, A., & Singh, J. (2019) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.10150 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Monteiro, J. P., da Costa, E. V., Melo, T., Domingues, P. M., Fort, A., Domingues, M. R., & Ronan Sulpice, A. (2022) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2022.102694 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Burhop, M., Schuchardt, J. P., Nebl, J., Müller, M., Lichtinghagen, R., & Hahn, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14020396 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Schiano, E., Annunziata, G., Ciampaglia, R., Iannuzzo, F., Maisto, M., Tenore, G. C., & Novellino, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.586178 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Basirat, A., & Merino-Torres, J. F. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17203279 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The interventions vary from simple supplementation, as seen in studies like Kabir et al. (2007) [9] and Mazaherioun et al. (2017) [22], to more complex setups combining omega-3 with other treatments like dietary changes, exercise, or even curcumin (as seen in Thota et al. (2019) [18]).”
Long Chain n-3 Fatty Acids Improve Depression Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Mazaherioun, M., Saedisomeolia, A., Javanbakht, M. H., Koohdani, F., Zarei, M., Ansari, S., Bazargani, F. K., & Djalali, M. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, R., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Yu, J., & Li, B. (2025) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/rcm25882 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Yang, F., Qiu, F., Yang-hong, O., Zhang, J., Wan, H., Cao, H., & Ning, P. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01266-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Level of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 May Be Affected by Several Factors
Gülgün, M. (2018) · Medical Principles and Practice · doi:10.1159/000490189 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reyes-Barrera, J., Medina-Urrutia, A. X., Osorio‐Alonso, H., Galarza, E. J., Olvera-Mayorga, G., Sánchez‐Ortiz, N. A., Arellano-Buendía, A. S., Márquez-García, J. E., Santibáñez-Escobar, F., Pérez‐Rodríguez, E., et al. (2022) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2022.2144945 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chen, C., Li, X., Yan, H., Liu, J., Cao, Y., Zhao, H., Liu, S., Wang, Y., Sun, Y., Jia, B., et al. (2025) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104488 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dai, P., & Liu, J. (2025) · Health and Metabolism · doi:10.53941/hm.2025.100017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mazaherioun, M., Djalali, M., Koohdani, F., Javanbakht, M. H., Zarei, M., Beigy, M., Ansari, S., Rezvan, N., & Saedisomeolia, A.
- Affiliations
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medical Principles and Practice
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 535-541
- ISSN
- 1011-7571 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0151
- PMC
- PMC5848481
- OpenAlex
- W2761910533
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medical Principles and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, omega-3 supplementation, type 2 diabetes, resistin, MCP-1, atherogenic index, lipid profile, inflammation, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Double-Blind Method, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Biomarkers, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Inflammation Mediators, Chemokine CCL2, Adiponectin, Resistin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
