Low- and high-dose plant and marine (n-3) fatty acids do not affect plasma inflammatory markers in adults with metabolic syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Chronic inflammation is considered to play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Various (n-3) fatty acids (FA) have been reported to have antiinflammatory effects, but there is a lack of consensus in this area, particularly in regard to optimal source(s) and dose(s). This study aimed to determine the effects of high and low doses of (n-3) FA from plant and marine sources on plasma inflammatory marker concentrations. One-hundred adults with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to a low or high dose of plant- (2.2 or 6.6 g/d α-linolenic acid) or marine- (1.2 or 3.6 g/d EPA and DHA) derived (n-3) FA or placebo for 8 wk, using a parallel arm design (n = 20/arm). Fasting blood samples collected at 0, 4, and 8 wk were analyzed for concentrations of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and for cardiovascular risk factors. Baseline concentrations across all 5 groups combined were (mean ± SD) 103 ± 32 ng/L for MCP-1, 1.06 ± 0.56 ng/L for IL-6, and 0.197 ± 0.041 ng/L for sICAM-1. There were no significant differences in 8-wk changes in plasma inflammatory marker concentrations among the 5 groups. Plasma TG and blood pressure decreased significantly more and the LDL cholesterol concentration increased more in the high-dose fish oil group compared to the 8-wk changes in some of the other 4 groups (P ≤ 0.04). In conclusion, no beneficial effects were detected for any of the 3 inflammatory markers investigated in response to (n-3) FA in adults with metabolic syndrome regardless of dose or source.
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The effects of omega-3 fatty acids on HDL cholesterol and blood glucose levels have shown mixed results across different studies.
“Despite these promising findings, the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on other MetS components, such as HDL cholesterol and blood glucose levels, have shown mixed results across different studies [11].”
From Marine-Based Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The Data collection section lists HDL cholesterol and glucose as secondary outcomes, but the Secondary outcomes section reports significant differences only for LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure. Searches for mixed or conflicting findings across studies found no passage discussing such findings for HDL cholesterol or blood glucose. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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- Authors
- Dewell, A., Marvasti, F. F., Harris, W. S., Tsao, P., & Gardner, C. D.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of South Dakota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gardner, Christopher D.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2166-2171
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3223874
- OpenAlex
- W2101997203
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline
- National Institutes of Health (5r21at003465-02)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR025744, UL1RR025744)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21 AT003465, R21AT003465-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, metabolic syndrome, chronic inflammation, plasma inflammatory markers, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, fish oil, dose-response relationship, MCP-1, interleukin-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, cardiovascular risk factors, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Data Collection, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fatty Acids, Female, Fish Oils, Humans, Inflammation, Linseed Oil, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Treatment Outcome, alpha-Linolenic Acid, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Chemokine CCL2, Metabolic Syndrome
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