Extracellular RNA sensing by pattern recognition receptors
Open accessAbstract
RNA works as a genome and messenger in RNA viruses, and it sends messages in most of the creatures of the Earth, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. The human innate immune system has evolved to detect single- and double-stranded RNA molecules from microbes by pattern recognition receptors and induce defense reactions against infections such as the production of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines. To avoid cytokine toxicity causing chronic inflammation or autoimmunity by sensing self-RNA, the activation of RNA sensors is strictly regulated. All of the Toll-like receptors that recognize RNA are localized to endosomes/lysosomes, which require internalization of RNA for sensing through an endocytic pathway. RIG-I-like receptors sense RNA in cytosol. These receptors are expressed in a cell type-specific fashion, enabling sensing of RNA for a wide range of microbial invasions. At the same time, both endosomal and cytoplasmic receptors have strategies to respond only to RNA of pathogenic microorganisms or dying cells. RNA are potential vaccine adjuvants for immune enhancement against cancer and provide a benefit for vaccinations. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of the RNA-sensing system will help us to broaden the clinical utility of RNA adjuvants for patients with incurable diseases.
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The limitations of unmodified mRNA vaccines are based on intrinsic immunogenicity of unmodified mRNA due to intracellular detection and type I interferon production, which inhibits translation, reduces CD8+ T cell activation, and inhibits T helper cell generation.
“These limitations are based on the intrinsic immunogenicity of unmodified mRNA due to intracellular detection131,132 and type I interferon (IFN) production,34 which in turn is responsible for the inhibition of translation, the reduction of CD8+ T cell activation, and the inhibition of T helper cell generation.”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [132]
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UNC93B1 Physically Associates with Human TLR8 and Regulates TLR8-Mediated Signaling
Itoh, H., Tatematsu, M., Watanabe, A., Iwano, K., Funami, K., Seya, T., & Matsumoto, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028500 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationCleaved/Associated TLR3 Represents the Primary Form of the Signaling Receptor
Toscano, F., Estornes, Y., Virard, F., Garcia-Cattaneo, A., Pierrot, A., Vanbervliet, B., Bonnin, M., Ciancanelli, M. J., Zhang, S., Funami, K., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1202173 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationBiondo, C., Malara, A., Costa, A., Signorino, G., Cardile, F., Midiri, A., Galbo, R., Papasergi, S., Domina, M., Pugliese, M., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201242532 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Asparagine Endopeptidase Controls Anti-Influenza Virus Immune Responses through TLR7 Activation
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signal in Dendritic Cells Benefits Cancer Immunotherapy
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Self-citationRAGE Enhances TLR Responses through Binding and Internalization of RNA
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Roles of the Cleaved N-Terminal TLR3 Fragment and Cell Surface TLR3 in Double-Stranded RNA Sensing
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The autoinhibitory CARD2-Hel2i Interface of RIG-I governs RNA selection
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Cofactors Required for TLR7- and TLR9-Dependent Innate Immune Responses
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SIDT2 mediates gymnosis, the uptake of naked single-stranded oligonucleotides into living cells
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RAGE is a nucleic acid receptor that promotes inflammatory responses to DNA
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Nanomaterial Delivery Systems for mRNA Vaccines
Buschmann, M. D., Carrasco, M. J., Alishetty, S., Paige, M., Alameh, M. G., & Weissman, D. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9010065 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective
Jackson, N. A. C., Kester, K. E., Casimiro, D., Gurunathan, S., & DeRosa, F. (2020) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-020-0159-8 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
“Thus, early-phase clinical trials need to be designed in a way to appropriately capture the inflammatory component intrinsic to all mRNA vaccines, given that several intracellular innate immune response sensors are activated by RNA. 65 Elements include measuring administration site reactions such as pain, tenderness-a…”
BackgroundCOVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments
Szabó, G. T., Mahiny, A. J., & Vlatkovic, I. (2022) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.016 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Principles for designing an optimal mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine
Kon, E., Elia, U., & Peer, D. (2022) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2021.09.016 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Type I interferons and endoplasmic reticulum stress in health and disease
(2020) · International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.004 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tatematsu, M., Funami, K., Seya, T., & Matsumoto, M.
- Affiliations
- Hokkaido University (JP)
- Venue
- Journal of Innate Immunity
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 398-406
- ISSN
- 1662-811X (ISSN-L)
- 1662-8128
- PMC
- PMC6784046
- OpenAlex
- W2899835491
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Innate Immunity (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
- Akiyama Life Science Foundation
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (16nk0101327h0002)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- extracellular RNA, pattern recognition receptors, innate immunity, Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, cytosolic RNA sensing, type I interferon, inflammatory cytokines, cancer vaccination, endocytic pathway
- MeSH terms
- DEAD Box Protein 58, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Animals, Extracellular Space, Humans, Infections, Interferon Type I, Receptors, Immunologic, RNA, Vaccines, Receptors, Pattern Recognition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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