Cited by 90Immune Response and Inflammationinterferon and immune responsesRNA regulation and disease

Extracellular RNA sensing by pattern recognition receptors

Open access
Tatematsu, Megumi, Funami, Kenji, Seya, Tsukasa, Matsumoto, Misako·2018·Journal of Innate Immunity

Abstract

RNA works as a genome and messenger in RNA viruses, and it sends messages in most of the creatures of the Earth, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. The human innate immune system has evolved to detect single- and double-stranded RNA molecules from microbes by pattern recognition receptors and induce defense reactions against infections such as the production of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines. To avoid cytokine toxicity causing chronic inflammation or autoimmunity by sensing self-RNA, the activation of RNA sensors is strictly regulated. All of the Toll-like receptors that recognize RNA are localized to endosomes/lysosomes, which require internalization of RNA for sensing through an endocytic pathway. RIG-I-like receptors sense RNA in cytosol. These receptors are expressed in a cell type-specific fashion, enabling sensing of RNA for a wide range of microbial invasions. At the same time, both endosomal and cytoplasmic receptors have strategies to respond only to RNA of pathogenic microorganisms or dying cells. RNA are potential vaccine adjuvants for immune enhancement against cancer and provide a benefit for vaccinations. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of the RNA-sensing system will help us to broaden the clinical utility of RNA adjuvants for patients with incurable diseases.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1159/000494034

Cites

102 of 102 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The limitations of unmodified mRNA vaccines are based on intrinsic immunogenicity of unmodified mRNA due to intracellular detection and type I interferon production, which inhibits translation, reduces CD8+ T cell activation, and inhibits T helper cell generation.

    “These limitations are based on the intrinsic immunogenicity of unmodified mRNA due to intracellular detection131,132 and type I interferon (IFN) production,34 which in turn is responsible for the inhibition of translation, the reduction of CD8+ T cell activation, and the inhibition of T helper cell generation.”

    From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [132]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Biondo C, Malara A, Costa A, Signorino G, Cardile F, Midiri A, et al. Recognition of fun- gal RNA by TLR7 has a nonredundant role in host defense against experimental candidia- sis. Eur J Immunol. 2012 Oct; 42(10): 2632-43.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Tatematsu, M., Funami, K., Seya, T., & Matsumoto, M.
Affiliations
Hokkaido University (JP)
Venue
Journal of Innate Immunity
Publisher
S. Karger AG
Published
2018
Volume
10
Issue
5-6
Pages
398-406
ISSN
  • 1662-811X (ISSN-L)
  • 1662-8128
OpenAlex
W2899835491
Cited by
90
References
102
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 5
FWCI
0.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Innate Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
  • Akiyama Life Science Foundation
  • Uehara Memorial Foundation
  • Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (16nk0101327h0002)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
Keywords
extracellular RNA, pattern recognition receptors, innate immunity, Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, cytosolic RNA sensing, type I interferon, inflammatory cytokines, cancer vaccination, endocytic pathway
MeSH terms
DEAD Box Protein 58, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Animals, Extracellular Space, Humans, Infections, Interferon Type I, Receptors, Immunologic, RNA, Vaccines, Receptors, Pattern Recognition

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review