CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 754Probiotics and Fermented FoodsGut microbiota and healthAquaculture disease management and microbiota

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System

Open access
Maldonado Galdeano, Carolina, Cazorla, Silvia Inés, Lemme Dumit, José María, Vélez, Eva, Perdigón, Gabriela·2019·Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
DOI 10.1159/000496426
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most microbiologically active ecosystems that plays a crucial role in the working of the mucosal immune system (MIS). In this ecosystem, the consumed probiotics stimulate the immune system and induce a network of signals mediated by the whole bacteria or their cell wall structure. This review is aimed at describing the immunological mechanisms of probiotics and their beneficial effects on the host. SUMMARY: Once administered, oral probiotic bacteria interact with the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) or immune cells associated with the lamina propria, through Toll-like receptors, and induce the production of different cytokines or chemokines. Macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, produced by the IECs, sends signals to other immune cells leading to the activation of the MIS, characterized by an increase in immunoglobulin A+ cells of the intestine, bronchus and mammary glands, and the activation of T cells. Specifically, probiotics activate regulatory T cells that release IL-10. Interestingly, probiotics reinforce the intestinal barrier by an increase of the mucins, the tight junction proteins and the Goblet and Paneth cells. Another proposed mechanism of probiotics is the modulation of intestinal microbiota by maintaining the balance and suppressing the growth of potential pathogenic bacteria in the gut. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that long-term probiotics consumption does not affect the intestinal homeostasis. The viability of probiotics is crucial in the interaction with IECs and macrophages favoring, mainly, the innate immune response. Macrophages and Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in this immune response without inducing an inflammatory pattern, just a slight increase in the cellularity of the lamina propria. Besides, as part of the machinery that probiotics activate to protect against different pathogens, an increase in the microbicidal activity of peritoneal and spleen macrophages has been reported. In malnutrition models, such as undernourishment and obesity, probiotic was able to increase the intestinal and systemic immune response. Furthermore, probiotics contribute to recover the histology of both the intestine and the thymus damaged in these conditions. Probiotic bacteria are emerging as a safe and natural strategy for allergy prevention and treatment. Different mechanisms such as the generation of cytokines from activated pro-T-helper type 1, which favor the production of IgG instead of IgE, have been proposed. Key Messages: Probiotic bacteria, their cell walls or probiotic fermented milk have significant effects on the functionality of the mucosal and systemic immune systems through the activation of multiple immune mechanisms.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1159/000496426

Cites

81 of 81 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 81 references

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, et al: Expert con- sensus document. The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics con- sensus statement on the scope and appropri- ate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastro- enterol Hepatol 2014; 11: 506-514.
  2. Hungin AP, Mulligan C, Pot B; European So- ciety for Primary Care Gastroenterology, et al: Systematic review: probiotics in the manage- ment of lower gastrointestinal symptoms in clinical practice -an evidence-based interna- tional guide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 864-886.
  3. Fujimura T, Kinoshita J, Makino I, et al: Gas- tric cancer -state of the art in Japan. Rozhl Chir 2012; 91: 346-352.
  4. He J, Zhang F, Han Y: Effect of probiotics on lipid profiles and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of RCTs. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9166.
  5. Artis D, Grencis RK: The intestinal epitheli- um: sensors to effectors in nematode infec- tion. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1: 252-264.
  6. Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz- Quezada S, et al: Probiotic mechanisms of ac- tion. Ann Nutr Metab 2012; 61: 160-174.
  7. Dai C, Zhao DH, Jiang M: VSL#3 probiotics regulate the intestinal epithelial barrier in vivo and in vitro via the p38 and ERK signal- ing pathways. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29: 202- 208.
  8. Mantis NJ, Rol N, Corthésy B: Secretory IgA's complex roles in immunity and mucosal ho- meostasis in the gut. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4: 603-611.
  9. De Moreno de LeBlanc A, Maldonado Galdeano C, Chaves S, et al: Oral administra- tion of L. casei CRL 431 increases immunity in bronchus and mammary glands. Biolife Ed. ISSN 1721-727X. Eur J Inflamm 2005; 3: 23-28.
  10. Hooper LV, Macpherson AJ: Immune adap- tations that maintain homeostasis with the in- testinal microbiota. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10: 159-169.
  11. Swami O, Shah NJ: Role of probiotics in dia- betes: a review of their rationale and efficacy. EMJ Diabet 2017; 5: 104-110.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 754

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S. I., Lemme Dumit, J. M., Vélez, E., & Perdigón, G.
Affiliations
National University of Tucumán (AR)
ORCID
Venue
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
Publisher
S. Karger AG
Published
2019
Volume
74
Issue
2
Pages
115-124
ISSN
  • 0250-6807 (ISSN-L)
  • 1421-9697
DOI
10.1159/000496426
OpenAlex
W2913785843
Cited by
729
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 49 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 17
FWCI
7.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
Keywords
probiotics, mucosal immunity, intestinal epithelial cells, Toll-like receptors, MCP-1, immunoglobulin A, regulatory T cells, IL-10, intestinal barrier, tight junction proteins, mucin, gut microbiota, innate immune response, macrophages, dendritic cells, macrophage microbicidal activity, malnutrition, obesity, allergy prevention
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Bacteria, Humans, Immune System, Intestinal Mucosa, Probiotics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review