Developmental and Neurological Status of Children at 4 Years of Age After Heart Surgery with Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest or Low-Flow Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Abstract
Background —It is not known whether developmental and neurological outcomes in the preschool period differ depending on whether the predominant vital organ support strategy used in infant heart surgery was total circulatory arrest (CA) or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods and Results —Infants with D-transposition of the great arteries who underwent an arterial-switch operation were randomly assigned to a support method consisting predominantly of CA or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Developmental and neurological status were evaluated blindly at 4 years of age in 158 of 163 eligible children (97%). Neither IQ scores nor overall neurological status were significantly associated with either treatment group or duration of CA. The CA group scored lower on tests of motor function (gross motor, P =0.01; fine motor, P =0.03) and had more severe speech abnormalities (oromotor apraxia, P =0.007). Seizures in the perioperative period, detected either clinically or by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring, were associated with lower mean IQ scores (12.6 and 7.7 points, respectively) and increased risk of neurological abnormalities (odds ratios, 8.4 and 5.6, respectively). The performance of the full cohort was below expectations in several domains, including IQ, expressive language, visual-motor integration, motor function, and oromotor control. Conclusions —Use of CA to support vital organs during open heart surgery in infancy is associated, at the age of 4 years, with worse motor coordination and planning but not with lower IQ or with worse overall neurological status.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Four Factor Index of Social Status
Paschou, R. (1975) · Cited by 6,989 · see citing works
Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications
(1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80088-8 · Cited by 1,556 · see citing works
Darley, F. L., Aronson, A., & Brown, J. R. (2014) · Channel View Publications eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.26931941 · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence--Revised
Wechsler, D. (1989) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t48859-000 · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
Wernovsky, G., Wypij, D., Jonas, R. A., Mayer, J. E., Hanley, F. L., Hickey, P. R., Walsh, A. Z., Chang, A. C., Castañeda, A. R., Newburger, J. W., et al. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.8.2226 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Self-citationExpressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_184242 · Cited by 970 · see citing works
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities.
Eshbaugh, R. N. (1971) · Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0020709 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Bellinger, D. C., Jonas, R. A., Rappaport, L., Wypij, D., Wernovsky, G., Kuban, K., Barnes, P. D., Holmes, G. L., Hickey, P. R., Strand, R. D., et al. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199503023320901 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation.
Sherman, D. (1970) · Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0020663 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Newburger, J. W., Jonas, R. A., Wernovsky, G., Wypij, D., Hickey, P. R., Kuban, K., Farrell, D. M., Holmes, G. L., Helmers, S. L., Constantinou, J., et al. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199310073291501 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequency of 22q11 deletions in patients with conotruncal defects
Goldmuntz, E., Clark, B. J., Mitchell, L. E., Jawad, A. F., Cuneo, B. F., Reed, L., McDonald-McGinn, D., Chien, P., Feuer, J., Zackai, E. H., et al. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00259-9 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Clinical Assessment of Oropharyngeal Motor Development in Young Children
Robbins, J., & Klee, T. M. (1987) · Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders · doi:10.1044/jshd.5203.271 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Long-Term Consistency in Speech/Language Profiles: II. Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Outcomes
Beitchman, J. H., WILSON, B., Brownlie, E. B., WALTERS, H., Inglis, A., & Lancee, W. J. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199606000-00022 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Long-Term Consistency in Speech/Language Profiles: I. Developmental and Academic Outcomes
BEITCHMAN, J. H., WILSON, B., BROWNLIE, E. B., WALTERS, H., & LANCEE, W. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199606000-00021 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Peabody Developmental Motor Scales and Activity Cards
Ulrich, D. A. (1984) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.1.2.173 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Wells, F. C., Coghill, S., Caplan, H. L., Lincoln, C. R., & Kirklin, J. W. (1983) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(19)39058-0 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Bellinger, D. C., Rappaport, L., Wypij, D., Wernovsky, G., & Newburger, J. W. (1997) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199704000-00001 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurologic Sequelae of Cardiac Surgery in Children
Ferry, P. C. (1987) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460030087032 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Outcome After Open-Heart Surgery in Infants and Children
Miller, G., Tesman, J. R., Ramer, J. C., Baylen, B. G., & Myers, J. L. (1996) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389601100112 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Subtyping of developmental motor deficits
Dewey, D., & Kaplan, B. J. (1994) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649409540583 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Developmental progress after cardiac surgery in infancy using hypothermia and circulatory arrest.
CLARKSON, P. M., MacArthur, B. A., Barratt‐Boyes, B. G., Whitlock, R. M. L., & Neutze, J. M. (1980) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.62.4.855 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Infancy and Later IQ
Slater, A. M. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01656.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The relationship between intelligence and duration of circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia
Oates, R. K., Simpson, J. M., Turnbull, J. A. B., & Cartmill, T. B. (1995) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(95)70112-5 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Neurological Examination of Children
(1967) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.42.224.453 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Diagnosis of Motor Speech Disorders
Darley, F. L. (1975) · Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders · doi:10.3109/asl2.1975.3.issue-1.03 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Intellectual performance in children after circulatory arrest with profound hypothermia in infancy.
Dickinson, D. F., & Sambrooks, J. E. (1979) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.54.1.1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Deep hypothermic arrest: Observations on later development in children
Wright, J. S., Hicks, R. G., & Newman, D. C. (1979) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(19)40918-5 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Developmental dyslexia: A motor‐articulatory feedback hypothesis
Heilman, K. M., Voeller, K. K. S., & Alexander, A. W. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390323 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Developmental Outcome in Children Undergoing Surgery with Profound Hypothermia
Blackwood, M. J. A., Haka‐Ikse, K., & Steward, D. J. (1986) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-198610000-00018 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Settergren, G., Öhqvist, G., Lundberg, S., et al. (1982) · Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.3109/14017438209101051 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Johnston, W. E., Vinten‐Johansen, J., DeWitt, D. S., O’Steen, W. K., Stump, D. A., & Prough, D. S. (1991) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/0003-4975(91)90909-a · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Brain Injury and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Jonas, R. A., Newburger, J. W., Volpe, J. J., & Kirklin, J. W. (2019) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780367813864 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on the brain
Greeley, W. J., & Ungerleider, R. M. (1991) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/0003-4975(91)90900-b · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effects of cardiac surgery on intellectual in and children
Haneda, K. (1996) · Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/0967-2109(95)00133-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Adelaide preschool language unit: Results of follow‐up
Stern, L. M., Connell, T., Lee, M., et al. (1995) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00787.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Newburger, J. W., & Wypij, D. (2019) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780367813864-21 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationOVADIA, R., Hemphill, L., Winner, K. L., & Bellinger, D. C. (2000) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400003027 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [13]13. Carrow E. Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language-Revised Edition. Austin: Urban Research Group; 1985.
- [17]17. O'Doherty N. Neurological Exam of the Newborn: A Routine for All. Boston: MTP Press; 1986.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Marino, B. S., Lipkin, P. H., Newburger, J. W., Peacock, G., Gerdes, M., Gaynor, J. W., Mussatto, K. A., Uzark, K., Goldberg, C. S., Johnson, W. H., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318265ee8a · Cited by 1,608 · see citing works
Self-citationBellinger, D. C., Wypij, D., duPlessis, A. J., Rappaport, L. A., Jonas, R. A., Wernovsky, G., & Newburger, J. W. (2003) · The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(03)00711-6 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Self-citationBellinger, D. C., Wypij, D., Rivkin, M. J., DeMaso, D. R., Robertson, R. L., Dunbar-Masterson, C., Rappaport, L. A., Wernovsky, G., Jonas, R. A., & Newburger, J. W. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.026963 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Self-citationMahle, W. T., Clancy, R. R., McGaurn, S. P., Goin, J. E., & Clark, B. J. (2001) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.107.6.1277 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Shillingford, A. J., Glanzman, M. M., Ittenbach, R. F., Clancy, R. R., Gaynor, J. W., & Wernovsky, G. (2008) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1066 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Self-citationLimperopoulos, C., Majnemer, A., Shevell, M. I., Rohlicek, C., Rosenblatt, B., Tchervenkov, C., & Darwish, H. Z. (2002) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2002.125227 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Wernovsky, G. (2006) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951105002398 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of congenital heart disease on cerebrovascular blood flow dynamics in the fetus
Kaltman, J. R., Di, H., Tian, Z., & Rychik, J. (2005) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.1785 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Beca, J., Gunn, J. K., Coleman, L., Hope, A., Reed, P. W., Hunt, R. W., Finucane, K., Brizard, C., Dance, B., & Shekerdemian, L. S. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.001089 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
D-Transposition of the Great Arteries
Villafañe, J., Lantin-Hermoso, M. R., Bhatt, A. B., Tweddell, J. S., Geva, T., Nathan, M., Elliott, M. J., Vetter, V. L., Paridon, S. M., Kochilas, L., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1150 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationLength of stay after infant heart surgery is related to cognitive outcome at age 8 years
Newburger, J. W., Wypij, D., Bellinger, D. C., du Plessis, A. J., Kuban, K. C. K., Rappaport, L. A., Almirall, D., Wessel, D. L., Jonas, R. A., & Wernovsky, G. (2003) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(03)00183-5 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationGaynor, J. W., Wernovsky, G., Jarvik, G. P., Bernbaum, J., Gerdes, M., Zackai, E., Nord, A. S., Clancy, R. R., Nicolson, S. C., & Spray, T. L. (2007) · The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.10.087 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationA Systematic Review of Motor and Cognitive Outcomes After Early Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease
Snookes, S. H., Gunn, J. K., Eldridge, B. J., Donath, S. M., Hunt, R. W., Galea, M. P., & Shekerdemian, L. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1959 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
McQuillen, P. S., Hamrick, S. E. G., Perez, M. J., Barkovich, A. J., Glidden, D. V., Karl, T. R., Teitel, D., & Miller, S. P. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.566752 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of the Child with Congenital Heart Disease
Latal, B. (2016) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2015.11.012 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Majnemer, A., Limperopoulos, C., Shevell, M., Rosenblatt, B., Rohlicek, C., & Tchervenkov, C. (2006) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.08.036 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Algra, S. O., Jansen, N. J. G., van der Tweel, I., Schouten, A. N. J., Groenendaal, F., Toet, M., van Oeveren, W., van Haastert, I. C., Schoof, P. H., de Vries, L. S., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.003312 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Attentional Dysfunction in Children After Corrective Cardiac Surgery in Infancy
Hövels-Gürich, H. H., Konrad, K., Skorzenski, D., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Messmer, B. J., & Seghaye, M.-C. (2007) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.10.069 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Perioperative Stroke in Infants Undergoing Open Heart Operations for Congenital Heart Disease
Chen, J., Zimmerman, R. A., Jarvik, G. P., Nord, A. S., Clancy, R. R., Wernovsky, G., Montenegro, L. M., Hartman, D. M., Nicolson, S. C., Spray, T. L., et al. (2009) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.030 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite Matter Microstructure and Cognition in Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease
Rollins, C. K., Watson, C. G., Asaro, L. A., Wypij, D., Vajapeyam, S., Bellinger, D. C., DeMaso, D. R., Robertson, R. L., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.07.028 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationSpijkerboer, A. W., Utens, E. M. W. J., De Koning, W. B., Bogers, A. J. J. C., Helbing, W. A., & Verhulst, F. C. (2006) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-005-3692-z · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Hövels-Gürich, H. H., Bauer, S. B., Schnitker, R., Willmes-von Hinckeldey, K., Messmer, B. J., Seghaye, M.-C., & Huber, W. (2008) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.10.004 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Gaynor, J. W., Jarvik, G. P., Bernbaum, J., Gerdes, M., Wernovsky, G., Burnham, N. B., D’Agostino, J. A., Zackai, E., McDonald-McGinn, D. M., Nicolson, S. C., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.08.062 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes in D-transposition of the great arteries
Bartlett, J. M., Wypij, D., Bellinger, D. C., Rappaport, L. A., Heffner, L. J., Jonas, R. A., & Newburger, J. W. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.113.4.e335 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationPrenatal detection of transposition of the great arteries reduces mortality and morbidity
van Velzen, C. L., Haak, M. C., Reijnders, G., Rijlaarsdam, M. E. B., Bax, C. J., Pajkrt, E., Hruda, J., Galindo‐Garre, F., Bilardo, C. M., de Groot, C. J. M., et al. (2015) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.14689 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Perioperative risk factors for impaired neurodevelopment after cardiac surgery in early infancy
Gunn, J. K., Beca, J., Hunt, R. W., Goldsworthy, M., Brizard, C. P., Finucane, K., Donath, S., & Shekerdemian, L. S. (2016) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-309449 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Panigrahy, A., Schmithorst, V. J., Wisnowski, J. L., Watson, C. G., Bellinger, D. C., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2015) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.013 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationAly, S. A., Zurakowski, D., Glass, P., Skurow-Todd, K., Jonas, R. A., & Donofrio, M. T. (2017) · Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1111/chd.12426 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationLONG-TERM DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME OF CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Mahle, W. T., & Wernovsky, G. (2001) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/s0095-5108(05)70077-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationZeltser, I., Jarvik, G. P., Bernbaum, J., Wernovsky, G., Nord, A. S., Gerdes, M., Zackai, E., Clancy, R., Nicolson, S. C., Spray, T. L., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.04.074 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationPreoperative cranial ultrasound findings in infants with major congenital heart disease
TE PAS, A. B., VAN WEZEL‐MEIJLER, G., BÖKENKAMP‐GRAMANN, R., & WALTHER, F. J. (2005) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01835.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Heinrichs, A. K. M., Holschen, A., Krings, T., Messmer, B. J., Schnitker, R., Minkenberg, R., & Hövels-Gürich, H. H. (2014) · The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.10.087 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Karmacharya, S., Gagoski, B., Ning, L., Vyas, R., Cheng, H. H., Soul, J., Newberger, J. W., Shenton, M. E., Rathi, Y., & Grant, P. E. (2018) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.032 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Learning and Memory in Adolescents with Critical Biventricular Congenital Heart Disease
Cassidy, A. R., Newburger, J. W., & Bellinger, D. C. (2017) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617717000443 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered Gray Matter in Adolescents with d-Transposition of the Great Arteries
Watson, C. G., Asaro, L. A., Wypij, D., Robertson, R. L., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.084 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurodevelopmental Outcomes in Tetralogy of Fallot: A Systematic Review
Kordopati-Zilou, K., Sergentanis, T., Pervanidou, P., Sofianou-Petraki, D., Panoulis, K., Vlahos, N., & Eleftheriades, M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9020264 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bellinger, D. C., Wypij, D., Kuban, K. C. K., Rappaport, L. A., Hickey, P. R., Wernovsky, G., Jonas, R. A., & Newburger, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 1999-08-03
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 526-532
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2165498835
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 13.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl041786-13)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 41786)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR002172, RR02172)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD018655, P30HD-18655)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Congenital Heart Disease Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiac and Coronary Surgery Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiovascular Conditions and Treatments
- Keywords
- hypothermic circulatory arrest, low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass, d-transposition of the great arteries, arterial switch operation, neurodevelopmental outcomes, IQ, motor function, perioperative seizures, EEG monitoring, preschool children
- MeSH terms
- Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Female, Hearing, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Humans, Hypothermia, Induced, Intelligence, Male, Motor Skills, Nervous System Diseases, Neurologic Examination, Prospective Studies, Risk, Speech, Transposition of Great Vessels, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
