HDL cholesterol and other lipids in coronary heart disease. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study
Open accessAbstract
The relation between coronary heart disease (CHD) prevalence and fasting lipid levels was assessed by a case-control study in five populations with a total of 6859 men and women of black, Japanese and white ancestry drawn from subjects aged 40 years and older from populations in Albany, Framingham, Evans County, Honolulu and San Francisco. In each major study group mean levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were lower in persons with CHD than in those without the disease. The average difference was small -- typically 3-4 mg/dl -- but statistically significant. It was found in most age-race-sex specific groups. The inverse HDL cholesterol-CHD association was not appreciably diminished when adjusted for levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride. LDL, totoal cholesterol and triglycerides were directly related to CHD prevalence; surprisingly, these findings were less uniformly present in the various study groups than the inverse HDL cholesterol-CHD association.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
By the late 1970s, the general US population weight had been increasing for several decades.
“By the late 1970s, when William Castelli became the fourth director of the Framingham Heart Study, the general US population weight had been increasing for several decades.76”
From The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective (2014) · cites this paper as [76]
Low HDL-C has long been viewed as a robust and independent CVD risk factor.
“For many decades, a low level of HDL-C has been viewed as a robust and independent CVD risk factor1-4.”
From Is Isolated Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor?: New Insights From the Framingham Offspring Study (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
The relationships between HDL-C, TG and LDL-C have complicated efforts toward establishing the extent to which low HDL-C independently increases CVD risk when other lipids are within normal ranges.
“However, the relationships between HDL-C, triglycerides (TG) and LDL-C have complicated efforts toward establishing the extent to which low HDL-C independently increases CVD risk when other lipids are within the normal ranges4.”
From Is Isolated Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor?: New Insights From the Framingham Offspring Study (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
Triglyceride has routinely been identified as a risk factor in case-control and angiographic studies, even after adjustment for TC or LDL-C and HDL-C.
“Triglyceride has routinely been identified as a “risk factor” in case-control and angiographic studies, even after adjustment for total cholesterol (TC) or LDL-C [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] and HDL-C.24,[27][28][29]33,34”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
THE USE OF MULTIPLE MEASUREMENTS IN TAXONOMIC PROBLEMS
Fisher, R. (1936) · Annals of Eugenics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x · Cited by 16,063 · see citing works
Chi-Square Tests with One Degree of Freedom; Extensions of the Mantel- Haenszel Procedure
Mantel, N. (1963) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1963.10500879 · Cited by 2,899 · see citing works
PLASMA-HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ISCHÆMIC HEART-DISEASE
Miller, G. J., & Miller, N. E. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92376-4 · Cited by 2,621 · see citing works
Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham study
Dawber, T. R., Meadors, G. F., & Moore, F. E. (1951) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.41.3.279 · Cited by 2,148 · see citing works
Serum Lipoproteins and Coronary Heart Disease in a Population Study of Hawaii Japanese Men
Rhoads, G. G., Gulbrandsen, C. L., & Kagan, A. (1976) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197602052940601 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Self-citationProtein-lipid relationships in human plasma
Barr, D. P., Russ, E. M., & Eder, H. A. (1951) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(51)90183-0 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Ischemic Heart Disease, Atherosclerosis, and Longevity
Gofman, J. W., Young, W., & Tandy, R. K. (1966) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.34.4.679 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Kagan, A., Harris, B. R., Winkelstein, W., Johnson, K. G., Kato, H., Syme, S. L., Rhoads, G. G., Gay, M. L., Nichaman, M. Z., Hamilton, H. B., et al. (1974) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(74)90014-9 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum Lipids in Men with Myocardial Infarction
Carlson, L. A. (1960) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1960.tb03562.x · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Effect of exercise and physical fitness on serum lipids and lipoproteins
Lopez‐S, A., Vial, R., Balart, L., & ARROYAVE, G. (1974) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(74)90073-2 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Metabolic relationships among the plasma lipoproteins
Wilson, D. E., & Lees, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci106896 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Differences in Coronary Heart Disease in Framingham, Honolulu and Puerto Rico
Gordon, T., García-Palmieri, M. R., Kagan, A., Kannel, W. B., & Schiffman, J. (1974) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(74)90013-7 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationFive-year myocardial infarction incidence—II. Association of single variables to age and birthplace
Medalie, J. H., Kahn, H. A., Neufeld, H. N., Riss, E., & Goldbourt, U. (1973) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(73)90036-2 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Castelli, W. P., Cooper, G. R., Doyle, J. T., García-Palmieri, M. R., Gordon, T., Hames, C. G., Hulley, S. B., Kagan, A., Kuchmak, M., McGee, D., et al. (1977) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(77)90082-0 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack-white differences in serum lipids and lipoproteins in Evans County
Tyroler, H. A., Hames, C. G., Krishan, I., Heyden, S., Cooper, G. R., & Cassel, J. C. (1975) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(75)90040-7 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermination of Thiocyanate in Blood Serum
Stöa, K. F. (1953) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365515309093504 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Jencks, W. P., Hyatt, M. R., Jetton, M. R., Mattingly, T. W., & DURRUM, E. L. (1956) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci103358 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Brunner, D., & Löbl, K. (1958) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-49-4-732 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Serum cholesterol and relative body weight of coronary patients in different populations
KEYS, A., & FIDANZA, F. (1960) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.22.6.1091 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Summary of Major Findings of the Evans County Cardiovascular Studies
Cassel, J. C. (1971) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1971.00310240041003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hulley, S. B. (1972) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)91955-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationBlood Lipids in Man—A Brief Review
Keys, A. B. (1967) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)11952-2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hilleboe, H. E., James, G., & Doyle, J. T. (1954) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.44.7.851 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease
Reaven, G. M. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595 · Cited by 12,154 · see citing works
Sanderson, E., Glymour, M. M., Holmes, M. V., Kang, H., Morrison, J., Munafò, M. R., Palmer, T., Schooling, C. M., Wallace, C., Zhao, Q., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-021-00092-5 · Cited by 2,229 · see citing works
Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Miller, M., Stone, N. J., Ballantyne, C., Bittner, V., Criqui, M. H., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, A. C., Howard, W. J., Jacobson, M. S., Kris-Etherton, P. M., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclass Patterns and Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Austin, M. A. (1988) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03410130125037 · Cited by 1,780 · see citing works
The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective
Mahmood, S. S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., & Wang, T. J. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61752-3 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works
Physical Activity and the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease
Powell, K. E., Thompson, P. D., Caspersen, C. J., & Kendrick, J. S. (1987) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.08.050187.001345 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works
Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease. Studies in the postprandial state
Patsch, J. R., Miesenböck, G., Hopferwieser, T., Mühlberger, V, Knapp, E., Dunn, J. K., Gotto, A. M., & Patsch, W. (1992) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.12.11.1336 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Hulley, S. B., Rosenman, R. H., Bawol, R. D., & Brand, R. J. (1980) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198006193022503 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease
Austin, M. A. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.1.2 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Balady, G. J., Criqui, M. H., Fletcher, G., Greenland, P., Hiratzka, L. F., Houston-Miller, N., Kris-Etherton, P., Krumholz, H. M., LaRosa, J., et al. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1876 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein J: structure and tissue distribution
De Silva, H. V., Harmony, J. A. K., Stuart, W. D., Gil, C. M., & Robbins, J. (1990) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00474a025 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
HDL-targeted therapies: progress, failures and future
Kingwell, B. A., Chapman, M. J., Kontush, A., & Miller, N. E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4279 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Mechanism of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer in hypertriglyceridemia.
Mann, C. J., Yen, F. T., Grant, A. M., & Bihain, B. E. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115535 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Mining Electronic Health Records (EHRs): A Survey
Yadav, P., Steinbach, M., Kumar, V., & Simon, G. (2018) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3127881 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Association of hyperapobetalipoproteinemia with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis.
SNIDERMAN, A. D., WOLFSON, C., TENG, B., FRANKLIN, F. A., BACHORIK, P. S., & KWITEROVICH, P. O. (1982) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-97-6-833 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Plasma Lipoprotein Levels as Predictors of Cardiovascular Death in Women
Bass, K. M. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410190045006 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
How Do Elevated Triglycerides and Low HDL-Cholesterol Affect Inflammation and Atherothrombosis?
Welty, F. K. (2013) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-013-0400-4 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
van Deventer, H. E., Miller, W. G., Myers, G. L., Sakurabayashi, I., Bachmann, L. M., Caudill, S. P., Dziekonski, A., Edwards, S., Kimberly, M. M., Korzun, W. J., et al. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.154773 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Ballantyne, F. C., Clark, R. S., Simpson, H. S., & Ballantyne, D. (1982) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.65.5.913 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bartlett, J., Predazzi, I. M., Williams, S. M., Bush, W. S., Kim, Y., Havas, S., Toth, P. P., Fazio, S., & Miller, M. (2016) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.115.002436 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Barylski, M., Toth, P. P., Nikolic, D., Banach, M., Rizzo, M., & Montalto, G. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.11.001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
- Authors
- Castelli, W. P., Doyle, J. T., Gordon, T., Hames, C. G., Hjortland, M. C., Hulley, S. B., Kagan, A., & Zukel, W. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 1977-05
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 767-772
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W1989249306
- Cited by
- 1,492
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 152.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Circulation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
- Keywords
- HDL cholesterol, coronary artery disease, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, cardiovascular risk factors, racial and ethnic differences, age and sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Cholesterol, Coronary Disease, Female, Humans, Japan, Lipoproteins, HDL, Lipoproteins, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Triglycerides, United States, Black People, White People, Asian People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
