Reactivity of Ambulatory Blood Pressure to Physical Activity Varies With Time of Day
Open accessAbstract
Blood pressure (BP) fluctuates over a 24-hour period, but it is unclear to what extent this variation is governed completely by changes in physical activity. Our aim was to use a BP “reactivity index” to investigate whether the BP response to a given level of physical activity changes during a normal sleep-wake cycle. Hypertensive patients (n=440) underwent simultaneous 24-hour ambulatory BP, heart rate (HR), and activity monitoring. BP and HR were measured every 20 minutes. Actigraphy data were averaged over the 15 minutes that preceded a BP measurement. Individual BP and HR reactivity indices were calculated using least-squares regression for twelve 2-hour periods. These indices were then analyzed for time-of-day differences using a general linear model. Systolic BP and HR were generally more reactive to physical activity than diastolic BP. The highest reactivity of systolic BP (mean±SE=4±1 mm Hg per logged unit change in activity) was observed between 8:00 am and 10:00 am ( P =0.014). Between 10:00 am and 12:00 pm , BP reactivity then decreased ( P =0.048) and showed a secondary rise in the early afternoon. These 24-hour changes in BP reactivity did not differ significantly between groups formed on the basis of early and late wake times ( P =0.485), medication use, age, and sex ( P >0.350). In conclusion, under conditions of normal living, the reactivity of BP and HR to a given unit change in activity is highest in the morning and shows a secondary rise in the afternoon.
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Typical morning behaviors cause decreases in thrombolytic activity, parasympathetic tone, and vascular endothelial function.
“Typical morning behaviors (e.g., arousal from sleep, sudden change in posture after overnight recumbency, increased activity, and psychological stress) cause increases in sympathetic tone, vasoconstriction, peripheral arterial resistance, HR, BP, and platelet aggregability, and decreases in thrombolytic activity, parasympathetic tone, and vascular endothelial function (14).”
From Role of the circadian system in cardiovascular disease (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Typical morning behaviors cause increases in sympathetic tone, vasoconstriction, peripheral arterial resistance, heart rate, blood pressure, and platelet aggregability.
“Typical morning behaviors (e.g., arousal from sleep, sudden change in posture after overnight recumbency, increased activity, and psychological stress) cause increases in sympathetic tone, vasoconstriction, peripheral arterial resistance, HR, BP, and platelet aggregability, and decreases in thrombolytic activity, parasympathetic tone, and vascular endothelial function (14).”
From Role of the circadian system in cardiovascular disease (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Cardiovascular changes in the morning may be advantageous in healthy individuals, but could be implicated in precipitating an adverse cardiovascular event in susceptible individuals.
“Such CV changes in the morning may be advantageous in healthy individuals, but could be implicated in precipitating an adverse CV event in susceptible individuals (14)(15)(16)(17).”
From Role of the circadian system in cardiovascular disease (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Jones, H., Atkinson, G., Leary, A., George, K., Murphy, M., & Waterhouse, J.
- Affiliations
- National University of Ireland (IE)
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2006-04
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 778-784
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2037755006
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TeesRep (Teesside University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Teesside University Research Portal (Teesside University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- blood pressure reactivity, physical activity, circadian variation, time of day, ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, sleep-wake cycle, morning blood pressure surge, actigraphy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Circadian Rhythm, Diastole, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Systole, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
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