Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Concentrations Predict Risk for Coronary Heart Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between plasma levels of small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and risk for incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in a prospective study among Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Plasma sdLDL-C was measured in 11 419 men and women of the biracial ARIC study using a newly developed homogeneous assay. A proportional hazards model was used to examine the relationship among sdLDL-C, vascular risk factors, and risk for CHD events (n=1158) for a period of ≈11 years. Plasma sdLDL-C levels were strongly correlated with an atherogenic lipid profile and were higher in patients with diabetes mellitus than non-diabetes mellitus (49.6 versus 42.3 mg/dL; P<0.0001). In a model that included established risk factors, sdLDL-C was associated with incident CHD with a hazard ratio of 1.51 (95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.88) for the highest versus the lowest quartile, respectively. Even in individuals considered to be at low cardiovascular risk based on their LDL-C levels, sdLDL-C predicted risk for incident CHD (hazard ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.49). Genome-wide association analyses identified genetic variants in 8 loci associated with sdLDL-C levels. These loci were in or close to genes previously associated with risk for CHD. We discovered 1 novel locus, PCSK7, for which genetic variation was significantly associated with sdLDL-C and other lipid factors. CONCLUSIONS: sdLDL-C was associated with incident CHD in ARIC study participants. The novel association of genetic variants in PCSK7 with sdLDL-C and other lipid traits may provide new insights into the role of this gene in lipid metabolism.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Individuals with a high amount of small dense LDL are at greater risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction.
“individuals with a high amount of small density LDL (sdLDL) are at greater risk of atherosclerotic CVD and myocardial infarction.3”
From <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> strains KABP011, KABP012, and KABP013 modulate bile acids and cholesterol metabolism in humans (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
The Results section reports that ARIC participants in the highest sdLDL-C quartile had greater risk of incident coronary heart disease than those in the lowest quartile. This supports the general cardiovascular-risk claim, but the paper does not report a separate association between sdLDL-C levels and myocardial infarction; its references to myocardial infarction concern other studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh concentrations of small LDL lipoproteins are associated with a greater incidence of atherosclerosis and CVD events.
“Considering that high concentrations of small LDL lipoproteins are associated with a greater incidence of atherosclerosis and CVD events [207]”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [207]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423 · see citing works
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,769 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Merz, C. N. B., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133317.49796.0e · Cited by 6,902 · see citing works
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-5 · Cited by 6,550 · see citing works
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Reiner, Ž., Catapano, A. L., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158 · Cited by 3,549 · see citing works
Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids
Teslovich, T. M., Musunuru, K., Smith, A. V., Edmondson, A. C., Stylianou, I. M., Koseki, M., Pirruccello, J. P., Ripatti, S., Chasman, D. I., Willer, C. J., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09270 · Cited by 3,527 · see citing works
Self-citationSequence Variations in <i>PCSK9,</i> Low LDL, and Protection against Coronary Heart Disease
Cohen, J. C., Boerwinkle, E., Mosley, T. H., & Hobbs, H. H. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054013 · Cited by 3,181 · see citing works
Self-citation(1989) · PubMed · Cited by 3,139 · see citing works
Gersh, B. (2011) · Yearbook of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0084-3873(11)00278-1 · Cited by 2,768 · see citing works
Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclass Patterns and Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Austin, M. A. (1988) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03410130125037 · Cited by 1,780 · see citing works
Large-scale association analysis identifies new risk loci for coronary artery disease
The CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium, Deloukas, P., DIAGRAM Consortium, CARDIOGENICS Consortium, MuTHER Consortium, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Kanoni, S., Willenborg, C., Farrall, M., Assimes, T. L., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2480 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Self-citationAtherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk
Austin, M. A., King, M. C., Vranizan, K. M., & Krauss, R. M. (1990) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495 · Cited by 1,411 · see citing works
Common variants at 30 loci contribute to polygenic dyslipidemia
Kathiresan, S., Willer, C. J., Peloso, G. M., Demissie, S., Musunuru, K., Schadt, E. E., Kaplan, L., Bennett, D., Li, Y., Tanaka, T., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.291 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
Self-citationMyocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.327 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
Stampfer, M. J. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540110036029 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
Lamarche, B., Tchernof, A., Moorjani, S., Cantin, B., Dagenais, G. R., Lupien, P. J., & Despre´s, J.-P. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.69 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoproteins in normal humans.
Krauss, R. M., & Burke, D. J. (1982) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38178-5 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Gardner, C. D. (1996) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540110029028 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Lipoprotein Particle Analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Jeyarajah, E. J., Cromwell, W. C., & Otvos, J. D. (2006) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2006.07.006 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
White, A., Folsom, A. R., Chambless, L. E., Sharret, A. R., Yang, K., Conwill, D. E., HIGGINS, M. W., Williams, O. D., Tyroler, H. A., & The ARIC Investigators (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(95)00041-0 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Monogenic hypercholesterolemia: new insights in pathogenesis and treatment
Rader, D. J., Cohen, J. C., & Hobbs, H. H. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci18925 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Low density lipoprotein particle size and coronary artery disease.
Campos, H., Genest, J. J., Blijlevens, E., McNamara, J. R., Jenner, J. L., Ordovás, J. M., Wilson, P. W. F., & Schaefer, E. J. (1992) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.12.2.187 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Monogenic hypercholesterolemia: new insights in pathogenesis and treatment
Rader, D. J., Cohen, J. C., & Hobbs, H. H. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200318925 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Blake, G. J., Otvos, J. D., Rifai, N., & Ridker, P. M. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000033222.75187.b9 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Clinical implications of discordance between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle number
Otvos, J. D., Mora, S., SHALAUROVA, I. Y., Greenland, P., Mackey, R. H., & Goff, D. C. (2011) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.02.001 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Mora, S., Szklo, M., Otvos, J. D., Greenland, P., Psaty, B. M., Goff, D. C., O’Leary, D. H., Saad, M. F., Tsai, M. Y., & Sharrett, A. R. (2007) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.007 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Chasman, D. I., Paré, G., Mora, S., Hopewell, J. C., Peloso, G., Clarke, R., Cupples, L. A., Hamsten, A., Kathiresan, S., Mälarstig, A., et al. (2009) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000730 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citationCoresh, J., Kwiterovich, P., Smith, H., & Bachorik, P. S. (1993) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)35731-x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Anber, V., Griffin, B. A., McConnell, M., Packard, C. J., & Shepherd, J. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(96)05842-x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Dejager, S., Bruckert, E., & Chapman, M. (1993) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40756-4 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
A PROPOSED GENETIC MARKER FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK
Austin, King, M., VRANIZAN, K. M., & Krauss, R. M. (1990) · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Tsai, M. Y., Steffen, B. T., Guan, W., McClelland, R. L., Warnick, R., McConnell, J. P., Hoefner, D. M., & Remaley, A. T. (2013) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.113.302401 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Small Dense LDL Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: Results from the Framingham Offspring Study
Ai, M., Otokozawa, S., Asztalos, B. F., Ito, Y., Nakajima, K., White, C. C., Cupples, L. A., Wilson, P. W. F., & Schaefer, E. J. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2009.137489 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Development of a Homogeneous Assay for Measurement of Small Dense LDL Cholesterol
Ito, Y., Fujimura, M., Ohta, M., & Hirano, T. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.149559 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and vascular endothelial dysfunction
Sattar, N. A., Petrie, J. R., & Jaap, A. J. (1998) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00037-9 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Hurt‐Camejo, E., Camejo, G., Rosengren, B. E., Lopez, F., Wiklund, O., & Bondjers, G. (1990) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42610-0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Lei, X., Shi, F., Basu, D., Huq, A., Routhier, S., Day, R. W., & Jin, W. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.217638 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study
Voight, B. F., Peloso, G. M., Orho-Melander, M., Frikke-Schmidt, R., Barbalic, M., Jensen, M. K., Hindy, G., Hólm, H., Ding, E. L., Johnson, T., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60312-2 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, J., Huq, A., Rader, D. J., & Jin, W. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.144279 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
McColl, B., Paavonen, K., Karnezis, T., et al. (2007) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-7060com · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Grallert, H., Dupuis, J., Bis, J. C., Dehghan, A., Barbalić, M., Baumert, J. J., Lu, C., Smith, N. L., Uitterlinden, A. G., Roberts, R., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr372 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationNordestgaard, B. G., & Zilversmit, D. B. (1989) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.9.2.176 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Gazi, I. F., Tsimihodimos, V., Filippatos, T. D., Bairaktari, E. T., Tselepis, A. D., & Elisaf, M. (2006) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.02.015 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Bi, M., Kao, W. H. L., Boerwinkle, E., Hoogeveen, R. C., Rasmussen‐Torvik, L. J., Astor, B. C., North, K. E., Coresh, J., & Köttgen, A. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011690 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationAustin, M. A., Talmud, P. J., Farin, F. M., Nickerson, D. A., Edwards, K. L., Leonetti, D. L., McNeely, M. J., Viernes, H.-M. A., Humphries, S. E., & Fujimoto, W. Y. (2003) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2003.10.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Albers, J. J., Kennedy, H., & Marcovina, S. M. (2010) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental influences on LDL subclass phenotypes
Austin, M. A. (1994) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1994.tb04204.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Internalization of Proprotein Convertase PC7 from Plasma Membrane Is Mediated by a Novel Motif
Declercq, J., Meulemans, S. M. P., Plets, E., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.306407 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0609-762c · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Croissandeau, G., Basak, A., Seidah, N. G., et al. (2002) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.115.6.1203 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21176275 · Cited by 3,360 · see citing works
Borén, J., Chapman, M. J., Krauss, R. M., Packard, C. J., Bentzon, J. F., Binder, C. J., Daemen, M. J., Demer, L. L., Hegele, R. A., Nicholls, S. J., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962 · Cited by 1,601 · see citing works
Dehghan, M., Mente, A., Zhang, X., Swaminathan, S., Li, W., Mohan, V., Iqbal, R., Kumar, R., Wentzel-Viljoen, E., Rosengren, A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32252-3 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Dyslipidemia
Hirano, T. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.rv17023 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases
Mirabelli, M., Chiefari, E., Arcidiacono, B., Corigliano, D. M., Brunetti, F. S., Maggisano, V., Russo, D., Foti, D. P., & Brunetti, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041066 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“Considering that high concentrations of small LDL lipoproteins are associated with a greater incidence of atherosclerosis and CVD events [207], it is plausible that the cardioprotective effects of EVOO are related to increased LDL size and resistance against oxidation, which are all consequences of its polyphenolic co…”
BackgroundGenetics and causality of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Rosenson, R. S., Davidson, M. H., Hirsh, B. J., Kathiresan, S., & Gaudet, D. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.042 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease, Adiposity and Dysglycemia Drivers
Mechanick, J. I., Farkouh, M. E., Newman, J. D., & Garvey, W. T. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.044 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Jepsen, A.-M. K., Langsted, A., Varbo, A., Bang, L. E., Kamstrup, P. R., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2016) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.253757 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Dietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight loss
Hyde, P. N., Sapper, T. N., Crabtree, C. D., LaFountain, R. A., Bowling, M. L., Buga, A., Fell, B., McSwiney, F. T., Dickerson, R. M., Miller, V. J., et al. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.128308 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Avan, A., Tavakoly Sany, S. B., Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M., Rahimi, H. R., Tajfard, M., & Ferns, G. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.26791 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Araki, E., Yamashita, S., Arai, H., Yokote, K., Satoh, J., Inoguchi, T., Nakamura, J., Maegawa, H., Yoshioka, N., Tanizawa, Y., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-1589 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Bergeron, N., Chiu, S., Williams, P. T., M King, S., & Krauss, R. M. (2019) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz035 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Arai, H., Yamashita, S., Yokote, K., Araki, E., Suganami, H., & Ishibashi, S. (2017) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.032 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Jin, J.-L., Zhang, H.-W., Cao, Y.-X., Liu, H.-H., Hua, Q., Li, Y.-F., Zhang, Y., Wu, N.-Q., Zhu, C.-G., Xu, R.-X., et al. (2020) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01015-6 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Balling, M., Nordestgaard, B. G., Langsted, A., Varbo, A., Kamstrup, P. R., & Afzal, S. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.072 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
McCullough, D., Webb, R., Enright, K. J., Lane, K. E., McVeigh, J., Stewart, C. E., & Davies, I. G. (2021) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09616-y · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Update on the laboratory investigation of dyslipidemias
Ramasamy, I. (2018) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.015 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein profiling as a personalized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidaemia
Renee Ruhaak, L., van der Laarse, A., & Cobbaert, C. M. (2019) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/0004563219827620 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Padro, T., Santisteban, V., Huedo, P., Puntes, M., Aguiló, M., Espadaler-Mazo, J., & Badimon, L. (2024) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvae061 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“3 Dietary and lifestyle recommendations are often used as a first line of action in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.”
Background
- Authors
- Hoogeveen, R. C., Gaubatz, J. W., Sun, W., Dodge, R. C., Crosby, J. R., Jiang, J., Couper, D., Virani, S. S., Kathiresan, S., Boerwinkle, E., & Ballantyne, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1069-1077
- ISSN
- 1079-5642 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4636
- PMC
- PMC3999643
- OpenAlex
- W2530844910
- Cited by
- 507
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 33.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000371, n01hc65226-6-0-0, UL1TR001079)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HHSN268201 100012C, HHSN268201100007I, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN2682 01100008C, HH-SN-268201100006C, HHSN268201100011C, HHSN2682011-00005I, HHSN2682011-00009I, HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100005G, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011I, R01HL087641, R01HL059367, HHSN26820 1100009C, N01 HC065226, HHSN2682011-00008I, RC2HL102419, R01HL086694)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (U01HG004402)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025005)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- coronary heart disease risk, PCSK7, genetic variants, lipid metabolism, diabetes mellitus, atherogenic lipid profile, cardiovascular risk prediction, genome-wide association study, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Coronary Disease, Female, Humans, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Particle Size, Phenotype, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Subtilisins, Time Factors, United States, Genetic Variation, Biomarkers, Incidence, Prevalence, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Assessment, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Atherosclerosis, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
