The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implementation of Obesity Science Into Clinical Practice: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is a recognized public health epidemic with a prevalence that continues to increase dramatically in nearly all populations, impeding progress in reducing incidence rates of cardiovascular disease. Over the past decade, obesity science has evolved to improve knowledge of its multifactorial causes, identifying important biological causes and sociological determinants of obesity. Treatments for obesity have also continued to develop, with more evidence-based programs for lifestyle modification, new pharmacotherapies, and robust data to support bariatric surgery. Despite these advancements, there continues to be a substantial gap between the scientific evidence and the implementation of research into clinical practice for effective obesity management. Addressing barriers to obesity science implementation requires adopting feasible methodologies and targeting multiple levels (eg, clinician, community, system, policy) to facilitate the delivery of obesity-targeted therapies and maximize the effectiveness of guideline-driven care to at-need patient populations. This scientific statement (1) describes strategies shown to be effective or promising for enhancing translation and clinical application of obesity-based research; (2) identifies key gaps in the implementation of obesity science into clinical practice; and (3) provides guidance and resources for health care professionals, health care systems, and other stakeholders to promote broader implementation and uptake of obesity science for improved population-level obesity management. In addition, advances in implementation science that hold promise to bridge the know-do gap in obesity prevention and treatment are discussed. Last, this scientific statement highlights implications for health research policy and future research to improve patient care models and optimize the delivery and sustainability of equitable obesity-related care.
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“Using both BMI and waist circumference provides complementary prognostic information regarding risk for future metabolic derangements, incident CVD, and mortality.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There are, however, many published qualitative systematic reviews and meta-analyses on this topic.25–29”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Weight management has myriad benefits in T2D, including reductions of A1C and hepatic steatosis, and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors.26,29”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse CKM risk factor levels (overweight/obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, CKD) during the prepregnancy period are associated with increased risk of APOs.18,29”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“While waist-hip ratio provides improved characterization of metabolic and cardiovascular risk than waist circumference, challenges of complexity of measurement and lack of standardization make it less ideal for use in clinical settings.18,29–32”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
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“Fortunately, GLP-1–based therapy has been shown to mitigate postsurgical weight regain in several observational studies.10–12,29”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Studies examining the cost-effectiveness of adding SGLT2i to prior standard care in patients with diabetes found that, from a US health care sector perspective, this approach is projected to be cost-effective compared with standard therapy.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“A high-quality modeling study examining the cost-effectiveness of dapagliflozin in nondiabetic CKD found that dapagliflozin improved life expectancy by 2 years, increased discounted QALY (from 6.75 to 8.06), and reduced incident kidney failure requiring kidney replacement therapy over the lifetime of the cohort.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“While these trials did not recruit patients with pre-HF or analyze this subgroup, post-hoc biomarker substudies of these trials suggested a high median NT-proBNP and hs-cTn, with >50% of the trial population demonstrating biomarker levels consistent with pre-HF.27–30”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
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“The UK HARP 3 (UK Heart and Renal Protection III) trial in patients with CKD demonstrated no significant difference between the kidney effects of ARNI and ARB, although only a small proportion of participants had HF.29”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
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“Data from meta-analyses and pooled studies demonstrate that individuals at highest risk for MASLD and its progression include those with T2D and/or those with more than 2 cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, or hypertension.14,28–30”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, MASLD prevalence and severity increased with a higher number of metabolic comorbidities, particularly in persons with T2D, and those with MASLD and T2D had the highest risk of mortality.29,30”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
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Citations
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BackgroundWeight Loss Outcomes Associated With Semaglutide Treatment for Patients With Overweight or Obesity
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MethodSocioeconomic and Racial Disparities in Bariatric Surgery
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“10,11 Bridging the gap in obesity implementation science requires a multitargeted approach that addresses long-standing implementation challenges across various levels (eg, clinician, community, system, policy) and applies effective implementation strategies based on core frameworks 11,12 to…”
BackgroundThe benefit of telemedicine in obesity care
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“Technology solutions to bridge the know-do gap in obesity prevention and treatment are promising, with emerging evidence to support multiple implementation strategies, 55,56 including in many low-and middle-income countries that have seen rapid adoption of digital technologies.”
BackgroundEconomics of Obesity — Learning from the Past to Contribute to a Better Future
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“50 Still, this lack of definitive cost-effectiveness data likely contributes to the low uptake of obesity science implementation in clinical settings.”
BackgroundMetabolic and Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents
Chalklin, C. G., Harper, E. R., & Beamish, A. J. (2021) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-021-00423-3 · Cited by 52
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“23,53 For example, although cardiovascular outcomes and mortality are obviously important, weight loss by itself may lead to more immediate improvements in quality of life and well-being that are not captured in outcomes used by payers to decide coverage.”
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“32,33 These prescribing patterns for obesity pharmacotherapies stand in stark contrast to those for diabetes and hypertension, conditions that are common consequences of obesity.”
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“48,49 Studying the cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention is even more challenging.”
BackgroundAssociation Between Medicaid Status, Social Determinants of Health, and Bariatric Surgery Outcomes
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“…public insurance companies cover the cost of the procedure and there are no differences in the effectiveness of therapy based on insurance status, 46 patients with public insurance may face additional socioeconomic barriers to follow-up care, including the time and expense required to travel to…”
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Physicians certified by the American Board of Obesity Medicine provide evidence‐based care
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“15 In a cross-sectional analysis of the ABOM-certified physicians, certified physicians’ practices were likely to be concordant with published guidelines, including the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/The Obesity Society, American Association of Clinical…”
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“73,74 Last, forming a shared resource library accessible to all clinicians engaged in obesity care might help clinicians connect patients to resources and offer connections that might be the best fit for each patient.”
BackgroundMitchell, N. S., Dickinson, L. M., Kempe, A., & Tsai, A. G. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.202 · Cited by 25 · cited 1×
“Nonprofit community programs like the YMCA or Take Off Pounds Sensibly 66 may be more acceptable and affordable than medical or commercial options.”
BackgroundNicol, J. U., Hendricks, L., & Young, T. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11910-6 · Cited by 25 · cited 1×
“73,74 Last, forming a shared resource library accessible to all clinicians engaged in obesity care might help clinicians connect patients to resources and offer connections that might be the best fit for each patient.”
BackgroundWang, X., Ammerman, A. S., & Orr, C. J. (2021) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.578 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“70 Although clinicians care for individual patients with obesity, patients are part of families and communities.”
BackgroundAlcaraz, K. I., & Yanez, B. R. (2022) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibac062 · Cited by 24
Carrello, J., Hayes, A., Baur, L. A., & Lung, T. W.-C. (2023) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.13003 · Cited by 23 · cited 1×
“72 This is particularly true for resource-constrained health systems worldwide, where health departments will continue to focus on “best buys” to address an epidemic of noncommunicable diseases.”
BackgroundReddy, P., Dukhi, N., Sewpaul, R., Ellahebokus, M. A. A., Kambaran, N. S., & Jobe, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.604439 · Cited by 22 · cited 1×
“57 Mobile health solutions, including popular weight loss applications (apps), are implementing various evidence-based behavior change techniques.”
BackgroundMiller-Matero, L. R., Hecht, L. M., Patel, S. R., Martens, K. M., Hamann, A., & Carlin, A. M. (2020) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2020.09.021 · Cited by 21 · cited 1×
“44 Furthermore, widespread availability of high-volume centers is lacking, and as with any procedure, higher bariatric surgical volumes are associated with better outcomes.”
BackgroundmHealth Apps Targeting Obesity and Overweight in Young People: App Review and Analysis
Vlahu‐Gjorgievska, E., Burazor, A., Win, K. T., & Trajkovik, V. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/37716 · Cited by 21 · cited 1×
“58 However, the literature needs to be improved by better reporting of implementation strategies.”
BackgroundThe Joys and Challenges of Delivering Obesity Care: a Qualitative Study of US Primary Care Practices
Nederveld, A., Phimphasone‐Brady, P., Connelly, L., Fitzpatrick, L., & Holtrop, J. S. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06548-w · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
“52 For example, policies in which patients must have a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 or clinical prediabetes before obesity services are reimbursable can impede and frus-trate clinicians and patients who seek to prevent obesity or maintain obesity treatment successes.”
BackgroundJacobsen, E., Boyers, D., Manson, P. D., & Avenell, A. (2022) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-022-00483-z · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“48,49 Studying the cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention is even more challenging.”
BackgroundOckene, J. K., Ashe, K. M., Peterson, K. S., Fitzgibbon, M., Buscemi, J., & Dulin, A. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaa030 · Cited by 14
Miller, N. A., Ehmann, M. M., Hagerman, C. J., Forman, E. M., Arigo, D., Spring, B. J., LaFata, E. M., Zhang, F., Milliron, B., & Butryn, M. L. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107201 · Cited by 14
Gray, K. E., Rao, M., Gunnink, E. J., Eschenroeder, L. W., Geyer, J. R., Nelson, K. M., & Reddy, A. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07452-1 · Cited by 11 · cited 1×
“61 Increasing the use of inexpensive obesity-related health indicators such as routine measurement of the waist circumference as part of the standard vital signs or measurement of the supine sagittal abdominal diameter using sliding-beam caliper to estimate visceral adipose tissue burden 62,63…”
MethodSkapinsky, K., Persky, S., Lewis, M., Goergen, A. F., Ashida, S., de Heer, H. ‘., Hadley, D. W., Wilkinson, A. V., & Koehly, L. M. (2018) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibx012 · Cited by 10 · cited 2×
“Targeting the Patient’s Broader Social Support Network to Promote Broader, More Comprehensive Implementation of Obesity-Focused Strategies 69 The importance of social support for success is well recognized, even for pharmacological and surgical treatments that are inherently implemented at the…”
BackgroundYarlagadda, S., Townsend, M. J., Palad, C. J., & Stanford, F. C. (2021) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2021.03.004 · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“13 In a comprehensive international systematic review on obesity education across varying levels of medical training, Mastrocola and colleagues 14 determined that there is a paucity of obesity education programs for medical students, residents, and fellow physicians in training programs throughout…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrends in Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Reimbursement in the USA
Zhong, A., Bajaj, S. S., Khunte, M., Dang, N., & Stanford, F. C. (2022) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-022-06329-w · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“54 Although questions about the cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes of many obesity-related treatments remain, evidence for benefit is gradually emerging, and there is a gap between this body of evidence and the willingness of payers to cover treatments.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDaumit, G. L., Janssen, E. M., Jerome, G. J., Dalcin, A., Charleston, J. B., Clark, J. M., Coughlin, J. W., Yeh, H., Miller, E. R., Durkin, N., et al. (2019) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/iby120 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“51 The limited availability of cost-effectiveness and health outcomes data for obesity treatment relates to additional challenges in clinician reimbursement and patient costs for obesity treatment, which are significant obesity science implementation barriers.”
BackgroundKaiser, K. A., Carson, T. L., Dhurandhar, E. J., Neumeier, W. H., & Cardel, M. I. (2019) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.384 · Cited by 9
Overcoming congressional inertia on obesity requires better literacy in obesity science
Bajaj, S. S., Jain, B., Kyle, T. K., Gallagher, C., Stanford, F. C., & Srivastava, G. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23405 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“71 This underscores the persistent challenges in achieving universal coverage for AOMs, despite notable progress in addressing specific patient populations, such as those with existing CVD who are at highest risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEncantado, J., Palmeira, A. L., Silva, C. C., Sniehotta, F. F., Stubbs, R. J., Gouveia, M. J., Teixeira, P. J., Heitmann, B. L., & Marques, M. M. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221129089 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“59 Challenges with awareness, access, and engagement persist, especially in historically excluded groups who experience a high prevalence of obesity and disparities in care.”
BackgroundMoving Toward Health Policy that Respects Both Science and People Living with Obesity
Kyle, T. K., & Stanford, F. C. (2021) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2021.08.003 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“30 An important consideration that can stimulate or stall the implementation of scientific advancements in new treatments for obesity is cost-effectiveness.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrevalence of Childhood Obesity in the United States 1999 - 2018: A 20-Year Analysis
Li, H., Tsoi, M. F., Feng, Q., Cheung, C., Cheung, T. T., & Cheung, B. M. Y. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab048.047 · Cited by 7
Powell‐Wiley, T. M., Martinez, M. F., Tamura, K., Neally, S. J., O’Shea, K. J., Curlin, K., Albarracin, Y., Vijayakumar, N. P., Morgan, M., Ortiz-Chaparro, E. N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/30581 · Cited by 6 · cited 2×
“One modeling study, for example, suggested that 75% awareness, 75% downloading, and 75% engagement with notifications may be required to achieve significant changes in physical activity and obesity prevalence among African American women in Washington, DC. 60 Le-veraging the increased access to telemedicine is another…”
BackgroundBridging the Science-Practice Gap in Obesity Treatment
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“7–9 These gaps are sustained by structural, societal, and cultural barriers that are pervasive in real-world clinical practice and require a redoubling of efforts and alternative strategies for resolution and advancement.”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. Roundtable on Obesity Solutions: Year in Review 2022. Accessed August 3 2023. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26855/roundtable-on-obesity-solutions-year-in-review-2022
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Self-citationNdumele, C. E., Rodriguez, F., Dixon, D. L., Khan, S. S., Mukherjee, D., Bajaj, M., Bangalore, S., Bozkurt, B., Breathett, K., Clarke, S. L., et al. (2026) · JACC · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.03.056 · Cited by 90
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Metadata
- Authors
- Laddu, D., Neeland, I. J., Carnethon, M., Stanford, F. C., Mongraw-Chaffin, M., Barone Gibbs, B., Ndumele, C. E., Longenecker, C. T., Chung, M. L., Rao, G., & on behalf of the American Heart Association Obesity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Hypertension; Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease; and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2024-07-02
- Volume
- 150
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e7-e19
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC11416804
- OpenAlex
- W4398144590
- Semantic Scholar
- 621886cfd30e421d9937d5cc151dd8bbce9cc20d
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Office of Science
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K01HL148503)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR019456)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U24DK132733, UE5DK137285)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- obesity, implementation science, clinical translation, obesity treatment, lifestyle modification, obesity pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, cardiovascular disease, health policy, health equity, implementation barriers, obesity prevention
- MeSH terms
- American Heart Association, Humans, Obesity, United States
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