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Cardiovascular Protection With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Milestone Achieved
Open accessAbstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease are intimately linked. They share major risk factors, including age, hypertension, and diabetes, and common pathogenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, reduced renal function and kidney injury documented with albuminuria are independent risk factors for cardiovascular events and mortality. In major renal outcome trials and subsequent meta-analyses in patients with CKD, ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) were shown to effectively retard CKD progression but not to significantly reduce cardiovascular events or mortality. Thus, a high residual risk for cardiovascular disease progression under standard-of-care treatment is still present for patients with CKD. In contrast to the above, several outcome trials with SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2) inhibitors and MRAs (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) clearly suggest that these agents, apart from nephroprotection, offer important cardioprotection in this population. This article discusses existing evidence on the effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and MRAs on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD that open new roads in cardiovascular protection of this heavily burdened population.
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MRAs historically have not been well studied in people with diabetes and CKD because of the risk of hyperkalemia.
“MRAs historically have not been well studied in people with diabetes and CKD because of the risk of hyperkalemia (122,123).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [123]
The Cardiovascular Outcome Trials in Patients With HF section says earlier MRA findings provided no actual data for patients with properly defined CKD. The Old and Novel MRAs section discusses hyperkalemia with MRAs, but the paper does not say that hyperkalemia risk caused a historical lack of studies specifically in people with both diabetes and CKD. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMRAs historically have not been well studied in people with diabetes and CKD because of the risk of hyperkalemia.
“A MRAs historically have not been well studied in people with diabetes and CKD because of the risk of hyperkalemia (140,141).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [141]
The ‘Outcome Trials With Finerenone in Patients With Predialysis CKD’ section says that, until recently, no study had examined hard renal and cardiovascular outcomes with an MRA in predialysis CKD; it also reports hyperkalemia-related discontinuations in a trial involving people with type 2 diabetes and CKD. The paper does not say that hyperkalemia risk was the reason MRAs had historically been understudied in that population. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Self-citationBarbero (2014) · doi:10.1016/j · Cited by 1
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Sarafidis, P., Papadopoulos, C. E., Kamperidis, V., Giannakoulas, G., & Doumas, M.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Hippokration Hospital and First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA Hospital (V.K., G.G.), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1442-1455
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W3147574539
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 1.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- chronic kidney disease, cardioprotection, SGLT2 inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, cardiovascular outcomes, albuminuria, chronic kidney disease progression, renal protection, residual cardiovascular risk, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers
- MeSH terms
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists, Cardiotonic Agents, Humans, Treatment Outcome, Disease Progression, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
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