Design Things and Design Thinking: Contemporary Participatory Design Challenges

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The three living labs are planned as open innovation social and technical platforms, integrated with the broader innovation systems in the city and region.

“They also are planned as open innovation social and technical platforms, integrated with the broader innovation systems in the city and region.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The authors have worked on creating ongoing working relationships or new forms of infrastructuring practices so that heterogeneous partners can bring forth the issues or possibilities they want to explore and see if their vision or issue makes sense and matches with other partners' concerns.

“First, we have worked on creating ongoing working relationships or new forms of infrastructuring practice(s) so that heterogeneous partners can bring forth the issues or possibilities they want to explore and see if their vision or issue makes sense and matches with other partners' concerns.”

May combine two claims.

The Bluetooth bus experiment revealed both the possibility of aligning different matters of concern and controversies and conflicting matters of concern.

“The experiment revealed not only the possibility of aligning different matters of concern, but also controversies and conflicting matters of concerns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two of the Things that emerged have grown into more traditional research projects with more clearly defined project goals.

“Thus far, two of them have grown into more traditional research projects with more clearly defined project goals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Although not driven by it, the three living labs all explore the potential of new media for co-creation and social innovation.

“Finally, although not driven by it, these environments all explore the potential of new media for co-creation and social innovation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This approach has meant creating loose agreements and work practices on how to approach the unknown.

“This approach has meant creating loose agreements and work practices on how to approach the unknown.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Do-Fi and RGRA are now planning to form a company together.

“They now are planning to form a company together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Emerging design Things include a multiethnic group of women organizing a collaborative service to provide meals for arriving refugee orphans, urban planning initiatives by citizens using new tools and participative processes, and the implementation of a creative commons business model supporting independent movie makers.

“Emerging design Things include a multiethnic group of women with a broad range of language skills organizing a collaborative service through which they provide meals for a large group of arriving refugee orphans, urban planning initiatives by citizens using new tools and participative processes, and the implementation of a creative commons business model that supports independent movie makers in fi”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The authors' approach has also meant focusing on how specific issues and possibilities can be handled by creating ongoing infrastructuring processes, without predetermined sets of partners, that require reoccurring Things rather than a final solution.

“It also has meant focusing on how specific issues and possibilities can be handled by creating ongoing infrastructuring processes, without predetermined sets of partners, that require reoccurring Things rather than a final solution.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

RGRA members' experience of being largely invisible in the urban environment parallels their feeling that their neighborhoods are largely unknown by people living in other parts of the city.

“RGRA members' experience of being to a large degree invisible in the urban environment parallels their feeling that their neighborhoods are largely unknown by people living in other parts of the city.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The three living labs invite collaboration between people, companies, public agencies, cultural organizations, and NGOs, opening borders and aligning potentially conflicting matters of concern between users driving innovation, business incubators, new business models, research and education.

“From this position, they invite collaboration between people, companies, public agencies, cultural organizations, and NGOs, thus opening the borders and aligning potentially conflicting matters of concerns between users driving innovation, business incubators, new business models, research and education.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One approach suggested by RGRA members to handle their lack of connection or visibility is to construct tourist routes in their suburbs and guide people through the areas.

“One approach suggested by the group's members to handle this lack of connection or visibility is to construct “tourist” routes in their suburbs and guide people through the areas.”

May combine two claims.

The Malmö Living Labs project provides venues for open-ended, prototypical practices, or arenas for communication and negotiations.

“The project may be characterized as providing venues for open-ended, prototypical practices, or arenas for communication and negotiations.”

• cites [33]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

During the past years, the authors have been able to scale up their Living Labs design Things engagement.

“During the past years, we have been able to scale up our Living Labs design Things engagement.”

May combine two claims.

The three collaborating living labs (The Stage, The Neighborhood, and The Factory) are all founded on shared ideas and values, based on user-driven design and innovation activities growing out of social movements.

“Although they differ in orientation and geographic location, these three living labs are all founded on some shared ideas and values.They are all based on user-driven design and innovation activities, growing out of social movements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the time of writing, RGRA members do not construct any objects on their own, although the aim is that they will.

“At this time, RGRA members do not construct any objects on their own, although the aim is that they will.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A new Thing emerged assembling RGRA, Do-Fi, researchers with Ozma Game Design, and the city of Malmö to investigate using the UrbLove mobile game platform to create new experiences of RGRA neighborhoods.

“To investigate this issue, a new Thing emerged, this time assembling RGRA, Do-Fi and researchers with the company Ozma Game Design, and the city of Malmö.The strategy was to see how the mobile game platform UrbLove, developed by Ozma, could be used to create new experiences of RGRA neighborhoods.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This complementary approach means design as infrastructuring, addressing the challenge of design as ongoing and as anticipation or envisioning of potential design that takes place in use after design in a specific project.

“This approach means design as “infrastructuring,” addressing the challenge of design as ongoing and as anticipation or envisioning of potential design that takes place in use after design in a specific project.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This openness emphasizes the importance of understanding how design in a project is related to user/stakeholder appropriation, be it adoption or redesign, and how users make it part of their lifeworld and evolving ecologies of devices.

“This openness is principally interesting because it emphasizes the importance of understanding how design in a project is related to user/stakeholder appropriation, be it as adoption or redesign, and how users make it part of their lifeworld and evolving ecologies of devices.”

May combine two claims.

Early Participatory Design projects addressed new production tools, changes in production planning, management control, work organization, and division of labor from users' shop floor perspective.

“Early Participatory Design projects addressed new production tools, changes in production planning, management control, work organization, and division of labor from users' shop floor perspective.5”

• cites [5] 5. Andrew Barry, Political Machines: Governing a Technological Society (London: Athlone, 2001).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In design Things carried out in a project, professional designers have to acknowledge that design Things potentially will go on in use, and they eventually might also have entirely new stakeholders.

“Hence, in design Things carried out in a project, (professional) designers have to acknowledge that design Things potentially will go on in use, and they eventually might also have entirely new stakeholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In design Things, the crucial perspective at project time is to open up for new design Things in later use.

“Hence, in design Things, the crucial perspective at project time is to open up for new design Things in later use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These presenters can be viewed as boundary objects in participatory design Things.

“We might also view these “presenters” as boundary objects in participatory design Things.18”

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Two types of values strategically guided Participatory Design: democracy as a value leading to staging and infrastructuring design Things, and affirming the importance of making participants' tacit knowledge come into play.

“One is the social and rational idea of democracy as a value that leads to considerations of conditions that enable proper and legitimate user participation-what we refer to here as “staging” and “infrastructuring” design Things.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged

  “The other value might be described as the idea affirming the importance of making participants' tacit knowledge come into play in the design process-not just their formal and explicit competencies, but those practical and diverse skills that are fundamental to the making of things as objects or artifacts.6”

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Krippendorff pointed out that projects are only part, or a specific form, of alignments in the life cycle of a device, and every object of design eventually has to become part of already existing ecologies of devices in people's ongoing lifeworlds.

“However, as Klaus Krippendorff has pointed out, projects are only part, or a specific form, of alignments in the life cycle of a device, and every object of design eventually has to become part of already existing ecologies of devices, in people's already ongoing lifeworlds.11”

• cites [11]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The move is toward design Things at project time designing potential boundary-objects, infrastructure, that can be supportive of future design Things at use time.

“So the move is toward design Things (at project time) designing potential boundary-objects (infrastructure) that can be supportive of future design Things (at use time).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A project is the common form for aligning resources, people and technology, in all larger design endeavors.

“A project is the common form for aligning resources (people and technology) in all larger design endeavors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Traditionally, these representations are thought of as gradually more refined descriptions of the designed object-to-be.

“Traditionally, these representations are thought of as gradually more refined descriptions of the designed object-to-be.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Design Things are in focus when inquiring into the agency not only of designers and users, but also of non-human actants, such as objects, artifacts, and design devices.

“So design Things are in focus when inquiring into the “agency” not only of designers and users, but also of non-human “actants,” such as objects, artifacts, and design devices.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Shifting from traditional design for use Things to ongoing design for design Things confronts us with a chain of one design Thing after another.

“Shifting from traditional design for use Things to ongoing design for design Things, we seem confronted not only with design Things that engage multiple stakeholders and presenters, but also a chain of one design Thing after another.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Design thinking has become a central issue in contemporary design discourse and rhetoric.

“Design thinking has become a central issue in contemporary design discourse and rhetoric, and for good reason.”

• cites foot_0Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The shift of meaning in the word thing is of interest when reflecting on how designers work, live, and act in a public space of design.

“We argue that this shift of meaning in the word “thing” is of interest when reflecting on how we as designers work, live, and act in a public space of design-a space that permits a heterogeneity of perspectives among actors who engage in attempts to align their conflicting objects of design.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Participatory Design, as it emerged in the 1970s, might theoretically and practically be seen as a modern example of Things, or thinging.

“Hence, Participatory Design, as it emerged in the 1970s, might theoretically and practically be seen as a “modern” example of Things (or rather “thinging,” as Heidegger would call it).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Projects often are designed to go through consecutive stages of gradual refinement, typically named analysis, design, construction, and implementation.

“Projects often are designed to go through a number of consecutive stages of gradual refinement.They typically have names like “analysis,” “design,” “construction” and “implementation.””

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A complementary position suggests deferring some design and participation until after the design project, opening up the possibility of use as design, or design-after-design.

“A complementary position suggests deferring some design and participation until after the design project, opening up the possibility of use as design, or design-after-design. 9”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

They stabilize the design Thing and allow some transference and commonality across the boundaries of language-games, but also acknowledge that different stakeholders might at the same time hold very different views.

“They stabilize the design Thing and allow some transference and commonality across the boundaries of language-games, but they also acknowledge that different stakeholders might at the same time hold very different views.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Design was seen as meaningful participation in intertwined language-games of design and use, with performative design artifacts such as mock-ups, prototypes, and design games acting as boundary objects binding different language-games together.

“Design was seen as meaningful participation in intertwined language-games of design and use (professional designers and professional users); whereas, performative design artifacts, such as mock-ups, prototypes, and design games, could act as boundary objects binding the different language-games together.13”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

If people live in total agreement, they do not need to gather to resolve disputes; the need for a common place where conflicts can be negotiated is motivated by diversity of perspectives, concerns, and interests.

“The prerequisite for understanding this journey from things as material object and back to Things as sociomaterial assemblies is that if we live in total agreement, we do not need to gather to resolve disputes-because none exist.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The authors' starting point is participation in Things, socio-material assemblies that Latour characterized as collectives of humans and nonhumans.

“Our starting point in this paper is participation in Thingsthese kinds of socio-material assemblies that Bruno Latour so strikingly has characterized as collectives of humans and nonhumans.3”

• cites [3] 3. Donna Haraway, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective," Feminist Studies 14, no. 2 (1988): 589. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A Thing approach would see a project as a collective of humans and non-humans and look to the performative staging of it.

“Rather than thinking of a project as a design Thing consisting of the four phases of analysis, design, construction, and implementation, a Thing approach would see this as a collective of humans and non-humans and might rather look to the performative “staging” of it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

There is design during a project, but there is also design in use; there is design in use after design in the design project.

“So there is design during a project, but there is also design in use.There is design (in use) after design (in the design project).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The movement from designing things to Things is a movement from projecting to infrastructuring design activities.

“We see this movement as one from “projecting” to one of “infrastructuring” design activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This conceptualization led to the design challenge of setting the stage for another specific design language-game that has a family resemblance with language-games of different stakeholders, especially users and designers.

“With this conceptualization followed the specific design challenge of setting the stage for another specific design languagegame-one that has a family resemblance with (professional) language-games of different stakeholders, especially users (lay-designers) and (professional) designers.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the traditional approach, Participatory Design is seen as a way to meet the challenges of anticipating or envisioning use before actual use, as it takes place in people's lifeworlds.

“In such a “traditional” approach, Participatory Design is seen as a way to meet the challenges of anticipating or envisioning use before actual use, as it takes place in people's lifeworlds.”

• cites [8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The focus shifted to socio-material Things as assemblies rather than things as objects.

“The focus thus shifted to socio-material Things as assemblies rather than being on things as objects.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This shift led to recommendations and practices for a design process based on the work practices of legitimate but resource-weak stakeholders, actual or potential end-users.

“This shift led to recommendations and practices for a design process based on the (work) practices of legitimate but resource-weak stakeholders (i.e., actual or potential “end-users”).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The suggestion here is to focus on these devices as material presenters of the evolving object of design supporting communication or participation in the design process.

“The suggestion here instead is to focus on these devices as material “presenters” of the evolving object of design supporting communication or participation in the design process.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Staging meant literally assembling socio-material design Things, with potentially controversial design objects and matters of concern.

“Thus, in the language of this paper, this staging meant literally assembling socio-material design Things, with potentially controversial design objects and matters of concern.”

May combine two claims.

In such an approach, both professional designers and potential users are seen as designers, but they participate in design Things separated in time and space rather than as synchronous entangled language-games.

“In such an approach, both professional designers and potential users are seen as designers, much as in “traditional,” projectbound Participatory Design; but rather than participating in design Things as synchronous entangled language-games, they are participating in design Things separated in time and space.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This shift moves from design Things that aim at useful products and services to design Things that support good environments for future design Things at use time.

“This shift in focus moves from design Things that aim at useful products and services, to design Things that support good environments for future design Things at use time.”

May combine two claims.

In practice, design Things did not stand alone; they were linked to other Things, especially a formal negotiation model for design projects focusing on skills and work organization, intended to strengthen workers and local trade unions in negotiations with management and in controversies around design and introduction of new technologies at the workplace.

“In practice, design Things did not stand alone.They were linked to other Things-especially to a formal “negotiation model” for design projects focusing on skills and work organization, intended to strengthen the voice of workers and their local trade unions in negotiations with management and in controversies around the design and introduction of new technologies at the workplace.17”

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Latour has called for a thing philosophy or object-oriented politics.

“Latour has called for a thing philosophy or object-oriented politics.7”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This evolving object of design is potentially binding different stakeholders together and has a performative dimension.

“This evolving object of design is potentially binding different stakeholders together, and it clearly also has a performative dimension.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In project work, a strong focus is placed on representations of the object of design.

“In project work, a strong focus is placed on “representations” of the object of design.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Strategies and tactics of design for use must be open for appropriation in use after a specific project is finished, and consider this appropriation as a potential, specific kind of design.

“Hence, strategies and tactics of design for use must also be open for appropriation in use, after a specific project is finished, and consider this appropriation as a potential, specific kind of design.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Envisioned use is hardly the same as actual use, no matter how much participation has occurred in the design process.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Given similarities between design thinking and Participatory Design, some challenges of Participatory Design may be relevant to contemporary design thinking.

“However, we also hold that, given design thinking's many similarities to Participatory Design today, some of the latter's challenges also might be relevant to contemporary design thinking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The view on design Things as intertwined language-games, with focus on the relation between designers and users, was developed in the societal context for, and discourse around, democratization of the workplace in Scandinavia in the 1970s.

“Note that this view on design Things as intertwined language-games, with its focus on the relation between designers and users, was developed in the societal context for, and discourse around, democratization of the workplace in Scandinavia in the 1970s.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The presenters of the object of design have to be elected and enrolled by the other participants, but once engaged, they are active participants in a design Thing as a collective of humans and non-humans.

“The “presenters” of the object of design, of course, have to be elected and enrolled by the other participants, but once engaged, they are active participants in a design Thing as a collective of humans and non-humans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The project is the socio-material Thing that is the major form of alignment of design activities.

“The project is the socio-material Thing that is the major form of alignment of design activities.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The movement from designing things to Things involves not only engaging stakeholders as designers in the design process, as in traditional Participatory Design, but also designing beyond the specific project and toward future stakeholders as designers.

“but also the challenges of designing beyond the specific project and toward future stakeholders as designers (i.e., supporting ways to “design after design” in a specific project).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The design process described is laid out to support such users' interests, and the products or services designed are to be supportive of these interests.

“Basically, the design process described is laid out to support such users' interests, and the products or services designed are to be supportive of these interests as well.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participatory Design can be characterized as an approach to involve users in design and to encounter in the design process use-before-use.

“In the first, Participatory Design is characterized as an approach to involve users in the design and, as suggested by Redström, to encounter in the design process use-before-use.8”

• cites [8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A fundamental challenge for designers and the design community is to move from designing things as objects to designing Things as socio-material assemblies.

“In this paper, we argue that a fundamental challenge for designers and the design community is to move from designing “things” (objects) to designing Things (socio-material assemblies).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The shift came on the heels of a breakdown in communication between designers and users in using more traditional design methods.

“The shift came on the heels of a breakdown in communication between designers and users (lay designers) in using more traditional design methods.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The shortcomings of the stage-based project approach motivate the call for user involvement and Participatory Design approaches.

“Hence, the call for user involvement and Participatory Design approaches.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The stage-based project approach has well-known shortcomings: a top-down perspective hindering adaptation, a hierarchical structure preventing legitimate participation, and rigidity of specifications.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Infrastructuring means aligning socio-material public Things; it is relational and becomes infrastructure in the relationships between design Things at project time and design Things in use.

“Hence, infrastructure, or rather infrastructuring, means aligning socio-material public Things; it is relational and becomes infrastructure in the relationships between design Things at project time and (multiple, potentially controversial) design Things in use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Creative design activities cannot be performed in any universal sense as design from nowhere, but only as politics and epistemologies of location, positioning, and situating, where partiality rather than universality is the condition that allows users to be heard and understood in making rational knowledge claims.

“These “creative design activities” cannot be performed in any universal sense as “design from nowhere,” but, as Haraway puts it, only as “politics and epistemologies of location, positioning, and situating,” where partiality rather than universality is the condition that allows users to be heard and to be understood in making “rational knowledge claims.””

• cites HarawayNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The really demanding challenge is to design where no such consensus seems to be within view, where no social community exists.

“The really demanding challenge is to design where no such consensus seems to be within view, where no social community exists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

To become a sustainable endeavor, Design Thinking needs to go beyond projecting and be seen as ongoing infrastructuring for Thinging.

“Although we agree with the basic tenets of Design Thinking, we argue that, to become a sustainable endeavor, it needs to go beyond projecting and be seen as ongoing infrastructuring for Thinging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This aspect of the authors' work has been central because we live in a fluid society where access to a rich network of actors and resources is central, particularly for providing connections that resource-weak actors tend to lack.

“This aspect of our work has been central because we live in a fluid society where access to a rich network of actors and resources is central-particular for providing the connections that those who are resource-weak tend to lack.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: We live in a fluid society where access to a rich network of actors and resources is central.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Dominance, hierarchy, and formalisms are ways in which many social, technical, and spatial infrastructures can be characterized.

“Dominance, hierarchy, and formalisms are certainly ways in which many social, technical, and spatial infrastructures can be characterized.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Design becomes more about everyday practice in particular sites and locations than about the new or innovative products.

“In this perspective, design becomes a question, not so much about the new or about innovative products, but, according to Barry, more about everyday practice in particular sites and locations.”

• cites BarryNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The relations between these design Things form a web of interwoven language-games over time.

“However, the relations between these design Things, rather than being clear-cut, form a web of interwoven languagegames over time.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Infrastructuring entangles and intertwines activities at project time with everyday professional activities at use time, as well as with further design in use.

“Infrastructuring entangles and intertwines activities at project time (e.g., selection, design, development, deployment, and enactment) with everyday professional activities at use time (e.g., mediation, interpretation, and articulation), as well as with further design in use (e.g., adaptation, appropriation, tailoring, re-design, and maintenance).21”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Those who take up the challenge of design-for-design need to consider how it can be done beyond making products that can be configured at use-time-how designers can develop practices that are always already ready for ongoing changes.

“Our experiences also show that those of us who take up the challenge of design-for-design need to consider how it can be done beyond making products that can be configured at use-time-in other words, how we as designers can develop practices that are always already ready for ongoing changes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The key aspect of social innovations is their capacity to simultaneously meet social needs and create new social relations.

“The key aspect is their capacity to simultaneously meet social needs and create new social relations.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Star and Ruhleder have called such mediation infrastructuring, identifying it as more of a when than a what.

“Star and Ruhleder have called such mediation infrastructuring, identifying it as more of a “when” than a “what.”20”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Such strategies for opening up controversial Things serve as a kind of event architecture, where the focus is on designing architecture-events rather than architecture-objects, as asserted by Tschumi.

“Such strategies for opening up controversial Things serve as a kind of “event architecture,” where the focus is on designing “architecture-events” rather than “architecture-objects,” asserted Tschumi.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The basic design approach and values of infrastructuring design Things represent a continuation of the early Participatory Design movement, and the progression results in ways to seriously engage in controversial design Things that converge with but also challenge contemporary design thinking.

“However, in our view the basic design approach and values represent a continuation of that movement, and the progression results in ways to seriously engage in controversial design Things-ways that seem to converge with, but also challenge, contemporary design thinking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A foundational concept for Manzini and colleagues is collaborative services, in which the designer initially supports the development of new concepts and later makes them attainable so they can result in social enterprises.

“A foundational concept for Manzini and his colleagues is “collaborative services:” The role of the designer is initially to support the development of new concepts and later to make them attainable so they can result in “social” enterprises.”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Design is increasingly seen as a process for radical change-for developing services, systems, and environments that support more sustainable lifestyles and consumption habits-rather than just a tool for functional, innovative consumer products.

“From this perspective, design is no longer just a tool for the development of functional, innovative consumer products but is increasingly seen as a process for radical change-for developing services, systems, and environments that support more sustainable lifestyles and consumption habits.”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Such political communities are in need of platforms or infrastructures, agonistic public spaces-not necessarily to solve conflict, but to constructively deal with disagreements.

“They are in need of platforms or infrastructures, “agonistic” public spacesnot necessarily to solve conflict, but to constructively deal with disagreements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Creative design activities are full of passion, imagination, and engagement, and are more like creative design activities than rational decision-making processes.

“These activities are full of passion, imagination, and engagement.As such, they are more like creative design activities than rational decision-making processes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

An infrastructure reaches beyond the single event and the site event, does not need to be reinvented every time, and is embedded into other socio-material structures.

“An infrastructure (e.g., railroad tracks, cables, or the Internet) reaches beyond the single event (temporal) and the site event (spatial); it does not need to be reinvented every time; and it is embedded into other socio-material structures.”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Design thinking that wants to make a difference cannot ignore the challenge of passionate engagement in controversial design Things.

“Design thinking that wants to make a difference cannot ignore the challenge of passionate engagement in controversial design Things.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Approaches to social innovation are in line with the ideas of Participatory Design and design as infrastructuring, and with the corresponding guiding values put forth in the paper.

“Approaches to social innovation are in line with the ideas of Participatory Design and design as infrastructuring, and with the corresponding guiding values put forth in this paper.”