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Hearing in the Mind's Ear: A PET Investigation of Musical Imagery and Perception
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have suggested that imagery processes may be mediated by neuronal mechanisms similar to those used in perception. To test this hypothesis, and to explore the neural basis for song imagery, 12 normal subjects were scanned using the water bolus method to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) during the performance of three tasks. In the control condition subjects saw pairs of words on each trial and judged which word was longer. In the perceptual condition subjects also viewed pairs of words, this time drawn from a familiar song; simultaneously they heard the corresponding song, and their task was to judge the change in pitch of the two cued words within the song. In the imagery condition, subjects performed precisely the same judgment as in the perceptual condition, but with no auditory input. Thus, to perform the imagery task correctly an internal auditory representation must be accessed. Paired-image subtraction of the resulting pattern of CBF, together with matched MRI for anatomical localization, revealed that both perceptual and imagery. tasks produced similar patterns of CBF changes, as compared to the control condition, in keeping with the hypothesis. More specifically, both perceiving and imagining songs are associated with bilateral neuronal activity in the secondary auditory cortices, suggesting that processes within these regions underlie the phenomenological impression of imagined sounds. Other CBF foci elicited in both tasks include areas in…
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“The resemblance of neural responses in auditory imagery and auditory perception (Experiments 3–5) agrees with findings that similar neural substrates mediate auditory perception and imagery in fMRI studies (Zatorre et al., 1996; Wheeler et al., 2000; Schürmann et al., 2002; Halpern et al., 2004; Aleman et al., 2005; Bunzeck et al., 2005; Zatorre et al., 2009).”
From Mental imagery of speech and movement implicates the dynamics of internal forward models (2010) · cites this paper as Zatorre et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Support for this idea has been provided by studies showing that inner speech activates similar brain regions to overt speech, including audition and language-related perceptual areas and supplementary motor areas, but does not typically activate primary motor cortex (Palmer et al., 2001; Zatorre et al., 1996; Aleman et al., 2005; Shuster and Lemieux, 2005).”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Zatorre et al., 1996
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“Moreover, imaging and electrophysiological results show that visual and auditory images are served by the same physiological systems active during perception in the respective modalities (Zatorre et al., 1996; Farah, 1995; Halpern et ai, 1997).”
BackgroundBehavior analysis and behavioral neuroscience
Schlinger, H. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00210 · Cited by 29
“…have shown activation in Broca’s area and the premotor and motor cortexes when either listening or auditorily imagining (e.g., Paulesu et al., 1993; Zatorre et al., 1996; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Rosen et al., 2000; Palmer et al., 2001;Wilson et al., 2004), and support the contention that what…”
BackgroundEnhanced anterior-temporal processing for complex tones in musicians
Shahin, A. J., Roberts, L. E., Pantev, C., Aziz, M., & Picton, T. W. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.09.019 · Cited by 28
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BackgroundMental Effort When Playing, Listening, and Imagining Music in One Pianist’s Eyes and Brain
Endestad, T., Godøy, R. I., Sneve, M. H., Hagen, T., Bochyńska, A., & Laeng, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.576888 · Cited by 31
Neurocognition Under Hypnosis:Findings From Recent Functional Neuroimaging Studies
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“These increased activations were probably related to auditory mental imagery, which is known to activate temporal areas ( Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer, & Evans, 1996 ).”
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Music in sport: From conceptual underpinnings to applications
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“The supplementary motor area of the brain is another likely seat of the rhythm response, as this sector is activated both during the perception of musical rhythms and in the rhythmic ordering of motor tasks (Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundHow imagery changes self-motion perception
Nigmatullina, Y., Arshad, Q., Wu, K., Seemungal, B. M., Bronstein, A. M., & Soto, D. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.021 · Cited by 25
“For instance, imagining listening to music activates similar brain regions as listening to music (Zatorre et al., 1996; Herholz et al., 2012).”
Localisation of cognitive tasks used in EEG-based BCIs
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Higher Node Activity with Less Functional Connectivity During Musical Improvisation
Dhakal, K., Norgaard, M., Adhikari, B. M., Yun, K. S., & Dhamala, M. (2019) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2017.0566 · Cited by 26
“This effect has been observed during internal auditory discrimination (Zatorre et al., 1996), auditory imagery of a musical score (Yumoto et al.”
Waters, F., Barnby, J. M., & Blom, J. D. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0701 · Cited by 29
“This network involving frontal and parietal regions is the same one that is activated during sensory-dependent perception [60,79], and this is understandable in terms of the level of control required for the regulation and control of mental images.”
BackgroundCerebral mechanisms of prosodic sensory integration using low‐frequency bands of connected speech
Hesling, I., Dilharreguy, B., Clément, S., Bordessoules, M., & Michèle Allard, A. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20147 · Cited by 25
“…with previous work suggesting a functional connection between the auditory cortex and the prefrontal associative cortex involved both in the retrieval and rehearsal of auditory information and in auditory working memory [Buchanan et al., 2000; Demonet et al., 1992; Zatorre et al., 1992, 1996].”
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Mental operations in rhythm: Motor-to-sensory transformation mediates imagined singing
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Dissociation of musical tonality and pitch memory from nonmusical cognitive abilities.
Steinke, W. R., Cuddy, L. L., & Holden, R. R. (1997) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/1196-1961.51.4.316 · Cited by 24
“Distinct neurological processes revealed by brain electrical activity (e.g., Besson, 1997), cerebral blood flow patterns measured with positron emission tomography (e.g., Zatorre, Evans, & Meyer, 1994; Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer, & Evans, 1996 ), and patterns of dissociation found in neurologically compromised ind…”
BackgroundHearing the sound of silence: a magnetoencephalographic study
Hoshiyama, M., Gunji, A., & Kakigi, R. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200105080-00010 · Cited by 24
Lemniscal Corticothalamic Feedback in Auditory Scene Analysis
Homma, N. Y., & Bajo, V. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.723893 · Cited by 24
Probing imagined tempo for music: Effects of motor engagement and musical experience
Jakubowski, K., Farrugia, N., & Stewart, L. (2016) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735615625791 · Cited by 22
Beyond auditory cortex: working with musical thoughts
Zatorre, R. J. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06437.x · Cited by 24
Self-citationSome Methodological and Conceptual Considerations in Studies of Auditory Imagery
Hubbard, T. L. (2018) · Auditory Perception & Cognition · doi:10.1080/25742442.2018.1499001 · Cited by 24
Source imaging of QEEG as a method to detect awareness in a person in vegetative state
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“The patterns of regional activation in normal individuals very similar to these reported here have been found during mental imagery of singing with PET scanning [24] and fMRI studies of mental audiovocal integration have revealed increased activity, especially in the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula [25].”
BackgroundListening to familiar music induces continuous inhibition of alpha and low-beta power
Malekmohammadi, A., Ehrlich, S. K., Rauschecker, J. P., & Cheng, G. (2023) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00269.2022 · Cited by 21
Semantic Elaboration in Auditory and Visual Spatial Memory
Taevs, M., Dahmani, L., Zatorre, R. J., & Bohbot, V. D. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00228 · Cited by 20
“…brain areas are recruited during perception and mental imagery (Kosslyn et al., 2001), whether it be in the auditory (Zatorre and Halpern, 1993; Zatorre et al., 1996; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999) or visual modality (Farah, 1984; Levine et al., 1985; De Vreese, 1991; Young et al., 1994;…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Brain Network Underpinning Novel Melody Creation
Adhikari, B. M., Norgaard, M., Quinn, K. M., Ampudia, J., Squirek, J., & Dhamala, M. (2016) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2016.0453 · Cited by 23
“The IPL is likely involved in a feedback loop that also includes the R STG and is most likely related to perception of incoming auditory signals as participants depressed piano keys.”
InfluentialLu, J., Yang, H., He, H., Jeon, S., Hou, C., Evans, A. C., & Yao, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00695 · Cited by 22
“However, studies have shown that motorfunctional parts of the MD system, such as the SMA, could be activated during auditory imagery tasks (Zatorre et al., 1996; Rao et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKobayashi, M., Sasabe, T., Shigihara, Y., Tanaka, M., & Watanabe, Y. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021736 · Cited by 20
“, the PFC is activated during visual [40,41] and auditory imagery [42].”
BackgroundModelo de cognición musical y amusia
García‐Casares, N., Berthier, M. L., Froudist‐Walsh, S., & González‐Santos, P. (2011) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.04.010 · Cited by 24
Mental imagery in animals: Learning, memory, and decision-making in the face of missing information
Blaisdell, A. P. (2019) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00386-5 · Cited by 21
MUSICAL STRUCTURE FACILITATES VERBAL LEARNING IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Thaut, M. H., PETERSON, D. A., Moore, K. S., et al. (2008) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2008.25.4.325 · Cited by 19
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Content Representation of Tactile Mental Imagery in Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Nierhaus, T., Wesolek, S., Pach, D., Witt, C. M., Blankenburg, F., & Schmidt, T. T. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0408-22.2023 · Cited by 18
“, 2004), while the activation of corresponding sensory cortices induced by auditory (Zatorre et al., 1996) or tactile mental imagery (Yoo et al.”
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Hesling, I., Dilharreguy, B., Bordessoules, M., & Michèle Allard, A. (2012) · The Open Neuroimaging Journal · doi:10.2174/1874440001206010044 · Cited by 18
“The latter result is in accordance with previous work suggesting a functional connection between the auditory cortex and the prefrontal associative cortex involved both in the retrieval and rehearsal of auditory information and in auditory working memory in L1 [44, 51-56].”
ResultEstimation of valence of emotion from musically stimulated EEG using frontal theta asymmetry
Tandle, A. L., Jog, N., Dharmadhikari, A., & Jaiswal, S. V. (2016) · International Conference on Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (ICNC-FSKD) · doi:10.1109/fskd.2016.7603152 · Cited by 18
Acuity of mental representations of pitch
Janata, P. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06441.x · Cited by 18
Electromagnetic Correlates of Musical Expertise in Processing of Tone Patterns
Kuchenbuch, A., Paraskevopoulos, E., Herholz, S. C., & Pantev, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030171 · Cited by 18
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Why art? The role of arts in arts and health
Vickhoff, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.765019 · Cited by 24
Imagined Steps: Mental Simulation of Coordinated Rhythmic Movements Effects on Pro-sociality
Cross, L., Atherton, G., Wilson, A. D., & Golonka, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01798 · Cited by 19
“For instance, the same auditory cortical areas are active during imagined versus actual experiences of listening to music (Halpern, 1988, Zatorre et al., 1996).”
Goycoolea, M. V., Mena, I. G., Neubauer, S., Levy, R., Grez, M. F., & Berger, C. G. (2007) · Acta Oto-Laryngologica · doi:10.1080/00016480601053057 · Cited by 16
“This observation is similar to previous studies [14,16,17], which suggest that in auditory imagery and in our case, in evocation, there is no statistically significant participation of the primary auditory cortex.”
BackgroundResultThe Importance of a Consideration of Qualia to Imagery and Cognition
Hubbard, T. L. (1996) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1996.0021 · Cited by 16
Auditory Imagery Contains More Than Audition
Hubbard, T. L. (2013) · Multisensory Imagery · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_12 · Cited by 59
Choi, H.-S., Geden, M., & Feng, J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189667 · Cited by 17
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Chávez, R. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00351 · Cited by 15
“…and meaning; these areas participate in the assimilation of sensory information, modulate the impulses transmitted to primary motor areas, and are involved in the learning of new motor programs, motor imagery (Parsons et al., 1995; Malouin et al., 2003), and auditory imagery (Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundA shared code for perceiving and imagining objects in human ventral temporal cortex
Wadia, V., Reed, C. M., Chung, J. M., Bateman, L. M., Mamelak, A. N., Rutishauser, U., & Tsao, D. Y. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adt8343 · Cited by 20
Responses to Katie Overy's Paper, "Can Music Really 'Improve' the Mind?"
Rauscher, F. H., Spychiger, M., Lamont, A. M., Mills, J., Waters, A. J., & Gruhn, W. (1998) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735698262007 · Cited by 14
Jakubowski, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108580298.013 · Cited by 17
Decoding reveals the neural representation of perceived and imagined musical sounds
Quiroga‐Martinez, D. R., Fernández‐Rubio, G., Bonetti, L., Achyutuni, K. G., Tzovara, A., Knight, R. T., & Vuust, P. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002858 · Cited by 14
“For example, both imagined and actual sounds activate secondary auditory areas [13] and fMRI studies decoded imagined auditory representations from primary and secondary auditory cortex [24–27].”
Influences of multiple memory systems on auditory mental image acuity
Cebrian, A. N., & Janata, P. (2010) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.3372729 · Cited by 13
Is imagining a voice like listening to it? Evidence from ERPs
Zhou, P., Garnsey, S. M., & Christianson, K. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.014 · Cited by 13
An efficient and adaptive test of auditory mental imagery
Gelding, R. W., Harrison, P. M. C., Silas, S. J., Johnson, B. W., Thompson, W. F., & Müllensiefen, D. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01322-3 · Cited by 15
Model of music cognition and amusia
García‐Casares, N., Berthier, M. L., Walsh, S. F., & González‐Santos, P. (2013) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.04.009 · Cited by 13
The role of the human supplementary motor area in reactive motor operation
Toma, K., Ozawa, M., Matsuo, K., et al. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00417-8 · Cited by 13
Neural functional correlates of hypnosis and hypnoanalgesia: Role of the cingulate cortex
CASALE, A. D., Ferracuti, S., Adriani, B., Novelli, F., Zoppi, T., Bargagna, P., & Pompili, M. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2021.1895709 · Cited by 12
Measuring the representational space of music with fMRI: a case study with Sting
Levitin, D. J., & Grafton, S. T. (2016) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2016.1216572 · Cited by 13
“Previous studies have shown substantial overlap of neural activation between listening and imagining (Herholz, Halpern, & Zatorre, 2012; Herholz, Lappe, Knief, & Pantev, 2008; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMusic-related abilities among readers with dyslexia
Lifshitz‐Ben‐Basat, A., & Fostick, L. (2019) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-019-00185-7 · Cited by 18
Cerebral Correlates of Human Auditory Processing
Zatorre, R. J. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8712-9_42 · Cited by 12
Self-citationSuggate, S. P. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02496-z · Cited by 11
“In selecting items, and also by selecting a large number of items, the goal is to ensure that participants are unlikely to be able to solve the task propositionally (Zatorre et al., 1996), that is by having learnt explicit facts about the comparison (e.g., that violins are not particularly shiny).”
Jenny, O., Law, B., & Rymal, A. M. (2015) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101508010203 · Cited by 11
“For example, and more specific to the discussion in the current paper, research has supported the hypothesis that auditory imagery activates brain areas similar to that of auditory perception [77, 78].”
BackgroundBensafi, M., Fournel, A., Joussain, P., Poncelet, J., Przybylski, L., Rouby, C., & Tillmann, B. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13596 · Cited by 10
“…a debate as to whether auditory imagery paradigms induce early modulation as it does not recruit primary auditory cortex; most of the findings in the field revealed neural activity in secondary auditory areas during mental imaging of auditory stimuli (Zatorre et al., 1996; Halpern & Zatorre, 1999).”
BackgroundThe Stuck Song Syndrome: A Case of Musical Obsessions
Rojas, J. M., & Rodríguez, I. L. L. (2018) · American Journal of Case Reports · doi:10.12659/ajcr.912402 · Cited by 11
“When one imagines a song with known music and lyrics, bilateral activation of the auditory cortex is observed [10], but when only imagining the instruments, the activation pattern moves toward the right auditory cortex [11].”
BackgroundSound Richness of Music Might Be Mediated by Color Perception: A PET Study
Satoh, M., Nagata, K., & Tomimoto, H. (2015) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2015/241804 · Cited by 11
“Over the past few decades, a considerable number of PET activation studies have been made on various aspects of music, sounds, and the brain [4–6], not only in healthy subjects [4, 6] but also in patients with tinnitus [5].”
BackgroundMusiek, F. E., Ballingham, T. M., Liu, B., Paulovicks, J., Swainson, B., Tyler, K., Vasil, K. A., & Weihing, J. (2007) · The Hearing Journal · doi:10.1097/01.hj.0000295756.39258.41 · Cited by 10
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Boşnak, M., Kurt, A. H., & Yaman, S. (2017) · Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17517/ksutfd.296621 · Cited by 10
“Bunun yanısıra, kişi müziği hayalinde canlandırdığında da sekonder işitme korteksinde (32); ya da sevilen bir parça dinlenirken ventral striatum, insula ve orbitofrontal kortekste aktivasyon gerçekleştiği bulunmuştur (33).”
Evidence of imagined passive self-motion through imagery–perception interaction
Mertz, S., Belkhenchir, S., & Lepecq, J. (2000) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00048-2 · Cited by 10
“, 1995b) and in audition (Zatorre et al., 1996)).”
Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience
Christensen, E. (2012) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · Cited by 10
Chung, L. K.-H., Jack, B. N., Griffiths, O., Pearson, D., Luque, D., Harris, A. W. F., Spencer, K., Pelley, M. E. L., So, S. H., & Whitford, T. J. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad389 · Cited by 12
Silent music reading: Auditory imagery and visuotonal modality transfer in singers and non-singers
Hoppe, C., Splittstößer, C., Fließbach, K., Trautner, P., Elger, C. E., & Weber, B. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.08.002 · Cited by 9
Evidence for a neural signature of musical preference during silence
Joucla, C., Nicolier, M., Giustiniani, J., Brunotte, G., Noiret, N., Monnin, J., Magnin, É., Pazart, L., Moulin, T., Haffen, É., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.007 · Cited by 13
Imagery Mismatch Negativity in Musicians
Herholz, S. C., Lappe, C., Knief, A., & Pantev, C. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04782.x · Cited by 9
Auditory evoked potentials in the definition of eloquent cortical areas
Liégeois‐Chauvel, C., Trébuchon, A., Régis, J. M., et al. (2003) · Handbook of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-4231(03)03023-5 · Cited by 9
A Neural Substrate For Musical Hallucinosis
Griffiths, T. D. (1997) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/3.3.167 · Cited by 9
Dual-stream cortical pathways mediate sensory prediction
Chu, Q., Ma, O., Hang, Y., & Tian, X. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad168 · Cited by 9
Key areas of research in the embodied cognition approach
Loginov, N. I., & Spiridonov, V. F. (2017) · Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Psychology · doi:10.21638/11701/spbu16.2017.404 · Cited by 13
Registered Report: Replication and Extension of Nozaradan, Peretz, Missal and Mouraux (2011)Preprint
Nave, K. M., Hannon, E. E., & Snyder, J. S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643168 · Cited by 8
Walking in My Shoes: Imagined Synchrony Improves Attitudes Towards Out-groups
Atherton, G., & Cross, L. (2020) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-020-00568-6 · Cited by 8
Chabin, T., Pazart, L., & Gabriel, D. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14755 · Cited by 7
Reisberg, D., & Heuer, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610448.003 · Cited by 7
Elkin, J., & Leuthold, H. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.455251 · Cited by 7
Foundations of musicology as content processing science
Leman, M. (2003) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 7
The convergence paradigm, ecological modelling, and context‐dependent pitch perception*
Leman, M. (1997) · Journal of New Music Research · doi:10.1080/09298219708570722 · Cited by 7
Voluntary Auditory Imagery and Music Pedagogy
Halpern, A. A., & Overy, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190460242.013.49 · Cited by 7
“In a subsequent study with healthy young adults in which only the two to-be-compared lyrics were presented, similar performance drops from heard to imagined conditions were found (Zatorre and Halpern 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb001020 · Cited by 7
Temporally Dissociable Neural Representations of Pitch Height and Chroma
Chang, A., Poeppel, D., & Teng, X. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1567-24.2024 · Cited by 6
Which modality is best for delivering an imagery script? Evidence for desirable difficulty effect
Mguidich, H., Zoudji, B., & Khacharem, A. (2024) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2345704 · Cited by 6
“…it was suggested that reading a written script may not provide the same level of access to the cortical structures required for task preparation and execution compared to using video or audiotape, which involve more direct and extensive multisensory engagement (Farah, 2000; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
Marre, Q., Huet, N., & Labeye, É. (2024) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2024.2375202 · Cited by 6
“…al., 2020; Kosslyn & Thompson, 2003; Pearson, 2019; Pearson et al., 2011; Schendan et al., 2012), motor imagery based on the same brain structures as real action (Cummings & Williams, 2012), auditory imagery recruiting the same neural networks as auditory perception (Zatorre et al., 1996), etc. 2.”
Mate, K. (2022) · McGill Journal of Medicine · doi:10.26443/mjm.v20i2.928 · Cited by 6
“(37, 38, 42-46) Similar brain activation is also seen with imagery of sound or music playing motor action (non-acoustic).(47-49) A well-trained pianist showed involuntary, without actual finger movements, activation of the motor cortex (M1)(42), bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA), the primary motor cortex (PMC),…”
BackgroundRecurrent refrains in a patient with multiple sclerosis: Earworms or musical hallucinations?
Husain, F., Levin, J. H., Scott, J., & Fjeldstad, C. (2013) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2013.08.004 · Cited by 6
“In addition to perception of music the phenomenon of auditory imagery, that is internally generated and processed without any external sound, shows increased activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) as well as the frontal and parietal regions on Positron Emission Tomography (Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundNeuromusical research: An overview of the literature
Edwards, R. D., & Hodges, D. A. (2007) · Digital Collections - Ithaca College Library (Ithaca College) · Cited by 6
Elements of Mental Training in Music
Immonen, O., Ruókonen, I., & Ruismäki, H. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.596 · Cited by 6
Rudner, M. (2005) · Cited by 6
A neural substrate for musical hallucinosis
Griffiths, T. D., Jackson, M. C., Spillane, J. A., Friston, K. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1997) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554799708404051 · Cited by 6
Floridou, G. A. (2016) · Goldsmiths (University of London) · doi:10.25602/gold.00019424 · Cited by 6
Parrotta, E., McDonough, K. L., & Bach, P. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544005 · Cited by 6
“…evidence that imagery activates (even early) sensory cortices (e.g., Kobayashi et al., 2004; Kosslyn & Thompson, 2003; Porro et al., 1996; Zatorre et al., 1996), and that the content of imagined scenes can be successfully decoded from fMRI activation patterns in visual cortex (Dijkstra…”
BackgroundEvidence for predictions established by phantom sound
Qi, Y., Guo, Z.-H., Guo, X., Guan, R., Luo, B., Sun, J., Wang, M., Li, H., & Chen, L. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119766 · Cited by 5
Neuromagnetic responses in silence after musical chord sequences
Otsuka, A., Tamaki, Y., & Kuriki, S. (2008) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32831576fa · Cited by 5
“Internal generation of a sound image was investigated in earlier studies by instructing the participants to imagine melodic motifs [12,13] or sounds corresponding to visually presented musical notes [7,8].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., Perry, D. W., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Bucknell University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 1996-01-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-46
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2118136160
- Semantic Scholar
- f29b04ee41f4233efa52f1b15848d758b3eec99d
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bucknell Digital Commons (Bucknell University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- musical imagery, auditory imagery, song perception, cerebral blood flow, secondary auditory cortex, supplementary motor area, thalamus
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