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Hearing in the Mind's Ear: A PET Investigation of Musical Imagery and Perception
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have suggested that imagery processes may be mediated by neuronal mechanisms similar to those used in perception. To test this hypothesis, and to explore the neural basis for song imagery, 12 normal subjects were scanned using the water bolus method to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) during the performance of three tasks. In the control condition subjects saw pairs of words on each trial and judged which word was longer. In the perceptual condition subjects also viewed pairs of words, this time drawn from a familiar song; simultaneously they heard the corresponding song, and their task was to judge the change in pitch of the two cued words within the song. In the imagery condition, subjects performed precisely the same judgment as in the perceptual condition, but with no auditory input. Thus, to perform the imagery task correctly an internal auditory representation must be accessed. Paired-image subtraction of the resulting pattern of CBF, together with matched MRI for anatomical localization, revealed that both perceptual and imagery. tasks produced similar patterns of CBF changes, as compared to the control condition, in keeping with the hypothesis. More specifically, both perceiving and imagining songs are associated with bilateral neuronal activity in the secondary auditory cortices, suggesting that processes within these regions underlie the phenomenological impression of imagined sounds. Other CBF foci elicited in both tasks include areas in…
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“The resemblance of neural responses in auditory imagery and auditory perception (Experiments 3–5) agrees with findings that similar neural substrates mediate auditory perception and imagery in fMRI studies (Zatorre et al., 1996; Wheeler et al., 2000; Schürmann et al., 2002; Halpern et al., 2004; Aleman et al., 2005; Bunzeck et al., 2005; Zatorre et al., 2009).”
From Mental imagery of speech and movement implicates the dynamics of internal forward models (2010) · cites this paper as Zatorre et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Support for this idea has been provided by studies showing that inner speech activates similar brain regions to overt speech, including audition and language-related perceptual areas and supplementary motor areas, but does not typically activate primary motor cortex (Palmer et al., 2001; Zatorre et al., 1996; Aleman et al., 2005; Shuster and Lemieux, 2005).”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Zatorre et al., 1996
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Decoding Inner Speech Using Electrocorticography: Progress and Challenges Toward a Speech Prosthesis
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“While previous brain imaging studies have identified anatomical regions active during auditory imagery (Zatorre et al., 1996; Griffiths, 1999; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Rauschecker, 2001; Halpern et al., 2004; Kraemer et al., 2005), underlying neural tuning to auditory frequencies in imagined sounds was uncharacteriz…”
BackgroundHuman Language and Our Reptilian Brain
LIEBERMAN, P. H. (2002) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv201xjgd · Cited by 122
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Investigation of melodic contour processing in the brain using multivariate pattern-based fMRI
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“…has made a substantial contribution to create the spatial map of melody processing in the brain (Hyde et al., 2008, 2011; Janata et al., 2002a, 2002b; Patterson et al., 2002; Platel et al., 1997; Stewart et al., 2008; Warren et al., 2003; Warren and Griffiths, 2003; Zatorre et al., 1994, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodEffects of Perceived and Imagined Odors on Taste Detection
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“However, the neural correlates of visual (Kosslyn et al., 2001), auditory (Zatorre et al., 1996; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999), and motor imagery (Jeannerod, 1994; Parsons et al., 1995) are relatively well understood, whereas we know very little about the brain regions engaged in creating and…”
BackgroundNeural basis of music imagery and the effect of musical expertise
Herholz, S. C., Lappe, C., Knief, A., & Pantev, C. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06515.x · Cited by 125
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“Previous studies on rhythmic tapping (Zatorre et al., 1996) have implicated this region in movement timing and the production of rhythmic movements.”
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Self-citationCognitive neuroscience of episodic memory encoding
Buckner, R. L., Logan, J., Donaldson, D. I., & Wheeler, M. E. (2000) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00057-3 · Cited by 112
“Additionally, Wheeler, Petersen, and Buckner (2000) found that certain regions of visual and auditory cortex were activated during perception and recall of picture and sound information, indicating that these regions are involved in initial encoding as well as subsequent retrieval processes (see also Zatorre, Halpern,…”
BackgroundNeuroplasticity of semantic representations for musical instruments in professional musicians
Hoenig, K., Müller, F. M., Herrnberger, B., Sim, E.-J., Spitzer, M., Ehret, G., & Kiefer, M. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.065 · Cited by 113
“…functional–anatomical overlap between conceptual and perceptual processing in auditory association cortex suggests that acoustic conceptual processing differs from both perceptual processing and auditory imagery with regard to the neural substrate (Kraemer et al., 2005; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
InfluentialTemporal Entrainment of Cognitive Functions
Thaut, M. H., PETERSON, D. A., & McIntosh, G. C. (2005) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1360.017 · Cited by 110
Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech
Whitford, T. J., Jack, B. N., Pearson, D., Griffiths, O., Luque, D., Harris, A. W., Spencer, K. M., & Le Pelley, M. E. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.28197 · Cited by 106
“…that inner speech activates similar brain regions to overt speech, including audition and languagerelated perceptual areas and supplementary motor areas, but does not typically activate primary motor cortex (Palmer et al., 2001; Zatorre et al., 1996; Aleman et al., 2005; Shuster and Lemieux, 2005).”
Architectonic analysis of the auditory‐related areas of the superior temporal region in human brain
Fullerton, B. C., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21432 · Cited by 109
“Comparison of the locations of the cortical areas with areas activated in functional studies (Sergent et al., 1992; Demonet et al., 1992; Zatorre et al., 1996; Engelien et al., 2002) led Rivier and Clarke (1997) to suggest that except for insular regions, all of their identified areas were auditory.”
BackgroundThe prevalence and nature of imagined music in the everyday lives of music students
Bailes, F. (2007) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735607077834 · Cited by 104
“Technological advances in neuroscience have allowed for studies of the neurological similarities and dissimilarities between hearing and imagining music (Zatorre and Halpern, 1993; Zatorre et al., 1996; Janata, 2001).”
BackgroundErgogenic and psychological effects of synchronous music during circuit-type exercise
Karageorghis, C. I., Priest, D.-L., Williams, L. S., Hirani, R., Lannon, K. M., & Bates, B. (2010) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.06.004 · Cited by 99
Keeping time: Effects of focal frontal lesions
Picton, T. W., Stuss, D. T., Shallice, T., ALEXANDER, M. P., & Gillingham, S. M. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.002 · Cited by 95
Cortical Systems Associated with Covert Music Rehearsal
Langheim, F. J. P. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1144 · Cited by 101
Popescu, M., Otsuka, A., & Ioannides, A. A. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.002 · Cited by 103
“Two PET studies used auditory imagery for music and reported that SMA is specifically active in image generation, suggesting that SMA is involved in a ‘‘singing to oneself’’ strategy during auditory imagery tasks (Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundActivation of premotor vocal areas during musical discrimination
Brown, S., & Martinez, M. J. (2006) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.08.006 · Cited by 91
“Zatorre et al. interpreted these results in terms of a motor theory of discrimination (see also Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer, & Evans, 1996 ).”
Cerebral mechanisms of prosodic integration: evidence from connected speech
Hesling, I., Clément, S., Bordessoules, M., & Michèle Allard, A. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.003 · Cited by 88
Penhune, V. B., Zatorre, R. J., & Feindel, W. (1999) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00075-x · Cited by 88
Self-citationAcuity of auditory images in pitch and time
Janata, P., & Paroo, K. (2006) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03193705 · Cited by 96
“For example, the process of imagining notes in familiar and unfamiliar melodies recruits the secondary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, as has been shown using PET ( Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer, & Evans, 1996 ), fMRI (Halpern & Zatorre, 1999; Kraemer, Macrae, Green, & Kelley, 2005), and ERPs (Janata, 2001), su…”
MethodGoing Gaga: Investigating, Creating, and Manipulating the Song Stuck in My Head
Hyman, I. E., Burland, N. K., Duskin, H. M., Cook, M. C., Roy, C. M., McGrath, J. C., & Roundhill, R. F. (2012) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2897 · Cited by 86
Brain Electrical Activity Evoked by Mental Formation of Auditory Expectations and Images
Janata, P. (2001) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1023/a:1007803102254 · Cited by 86
“The most direct evidence for activation of the auditory cortex in musical imagery tasks comes from functional neuroimaging experiments using PET by Zatorre and colleagues (Halpern and Zatorre 1999; Zatorre et al. 1996).”
MethodInternally Directed Attention in Creative Cognition
Benedek, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316556238.011 · Cited by 89
Applying Music in Exercise and Sport
Karageorghis, C. I. (2007) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781492595229 · Cited by 83
Lima, C. F., Lavan, N., Evans, S., Agnew, Z. K., Halpern, A. R., Shanmugalingam, P., Meekings, S., Boebinger, D., Ostarek, M., McGettigan, C., et al. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv134 · Cited by 86
“For instance, Zatorre et al. (1996) asked participants to make pitch judgments about words taken from familiar tunes in an imagery condition, in which there was no auditory input, and in a perceptual condition, in which participants could actually hear the song.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationFunctional Imaging of the Auditory System: The Use of Positron Emission Tomography
Johnsrude, I. S., Giraud, A. L., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2002) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000064446 · Cited by 80
“…used to explore the neural bases of music processing in a relatively large number of studies [Griffiths et al., 1998a, 1999; Platel et al., 1997; Zatorre et al., 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999; Halpern and Zatorre,1999; Blood et al., 1999; Perry et al., 1999; Sergent et al., 1992; Sergent, 1993].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGendler, T. S. (2006) · Metaphilosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.2006.00430.x · Cited by 78
Thaut, M. H., Peterson, D. A., McIntosh, G. C., & Hoemberg, V. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00395 · Cited by 88
“Lesion (Peretz, 2002; Halpern, 2001), functional imaging (Parsons et al., 1998; Smith et al., 1998; Platel et al., 1997; Zatorre et al., 1996), EEG (Peterson and Thaut, 2002; Ruchkin et al., 1997) and MEG (Maess et al., 2001; Tecchio et al., 2000; Makeig and Jung, 1996) studies have illustrated…”
BackgroundHasegawa, T., Matsuki, K.-I., Ueno, T., Maeda, Y., Matsue, Y., Konishi, Y., & Sadato, N. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.04.005 · Cited by 75
“Based on previous studies [16,39] we had expected activation of the right GTs in the well-trained subjects during familiar or unfamiliar music conditions, as”
MethodStructural and functional correlates of hypnotic depth and suggestibility
McGeown, W. J., Mazzoni, G., Vannucci, M., & Venneri, A. (2015) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.015 · Cited by 74
“…4.0 International The auditory association cortex appears to play an important role in both hallucination and mental imagery of sounds (Zatorre et al., 1996; Lennox et al., 2000; Kraemer et al., 2005; Jardri et al., 2007) as does the visual association cortex for hallucination and…”
BackgroundInfluentialFarrugia, N., Jakubowski, K., Cusack, R., & Stewart, L. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.020 · Cited by 76
“The former region has been strongly implicated both in auditory perception (Griffiths & Warren, 2002) and voluntary musical imagery (Halpern, 2001; Halpern & Zatorre, 1999; Zatorre et al., 1996), while the latter region is held to have a role in pitch memory (Albouy et al.”
InfluentialThe central role of recognition in auditory perception: A neurobiological model.
McLachlan, N. M., & Wilson, S. J. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018063 · Cited by 73
Cognitive Crescendo: How Music Shapes the Brain’s Structure and Function
Toader, C., Tătaru, C. P., Florian, I. A., Covache-Busuioc, R.-A., Bratu, B.-G., Glavan, L.-A., Bordeianu, A., Dumitrascu, D.-I., & Ciurea, A. V. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13101390 · Cited by 85
“This indicates the SMA’s potential role in an internalized “singing” process during auditory imagery tasks [34,35].”
BackgroundCross‐cultural music phrase processing: An fMRI study
Nan, Y., Knösche, T. R., Zysset, S., & Friederici, A. D. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20390 · Cited by 69
“In addition, parietal, ventro-lateral prefrontal, and premotor areas [Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Langheim et al., 2002; Zatorre et al., 1996] have also been evidenced to take a role in the process.”
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“Since the 1990s, neuroengineering technology has allowed researchers to investigate the effect of music on perception and cognition (Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMusic‐Related Interventions in the Exercise Domain
Karageorghis, C. I. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119568124.ch45 · Cited by 71
Development of a new Clarity of Auditory Imagery Scale
Willander, J., & Baraldi, S. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.3.785 · Cited by 65
“Studies have shown that auditory imagery activates brain regions (e.g., the secondary auditory cortex) also involved in regular auditory perception and that the imagery-related activations are modality specific (e.g., Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer, & Evans, 1996 ).”
BackgroundThe integration of prosodic speech in high functioning autism: a preliminary FMRI study
Hesling, I., Dilharreguy, B., Peppé, S., Amirault, M., Bouvard, M., & Allard, M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011571 · Cited by 67
“However, some studies on auditory prosodic speech perception have revealed whether a right [48–52] and/or left [53–56] Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) activation, which was not achieved in the present study at the chosen threshold as in other studies [57,58].”
BackgroundResultEllis, R. J., Bruijn, B., Norton, A. C., Winner, E., & Schlaug, G. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.045 · Cited by 70
“…with other reports of left SMG activity during the perception (e.g., Grahn et al., 2011; Janata et al., 2002; Limb et al., 2006), imagery (e.g., Zatorre et al., 1996), or overt motor production (Bengtsson and Ullén, 2006; Jungblut et al., 2012; Vuust et al., 2006) of both melodies and rhythms…”
BackgroundMeta-analytic evidence for a novel hierarchical model of conceptual processing
Kuhnke, P., Beaupain, M. C., Arola, J., Kiefer, M., & Hartwigsen, G. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104994 · Cited by 64
Inner Speech during Silent Reading Reflects the Reader's Regional Accent
Filik, R., & Barber, E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025782 · Cited by 62
“In relation to the wider literature on auditory imagery, recent work has focused on the common neural substrates underlying both auditory perception and imagery using music-related stimuli [36,37,38], language-related stimuli [39,40], and environmental sounds [41].”
BackgroundNeural Encoding of Auditory Features during Music Perception and Imagery
Martin, S. L., Mikutta, C. A., Leonard, M. K., Hungate, D., Koelsch, S., Shamma, S., Chang, E. F., Millán, J. D. R., Knight, R. T., & Pasley, B. N. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx277 · Cited by 60
“Studies have shown the importance of both hemispheres for auditory perception and imagination (Zatorre and Halpern 1993; Zatorre et al. 1996; Griffiths 1999; Rauschecker 2001; Halpern et al. 2004; Kraemer et al. 2005).”
BackgroundMinds on replay: musical hallucinations and their relationship to neurological disease
Golden, E. C., & Josephs, K. A. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv286 · Cited by 61
“Neural activation during musical imagery is remarkably similar to that in the actual perception of music (Zatorre et al., 1996; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Kumar et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLiikkanen, L. A., & Jakubowski, K. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01750-7 · Cited by 69
Neural Correlates of Music Listening and Recall in the Human Brain
Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhou, W., Ling, Z., Huang, J., Hong, B., & Wang, X. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1468-18.2019 · Cited by 60
“…finger tapping (Janata and Grafton, 2003) or the output of musical instrument in case of a participant being a musician (Martin et al., 2018), presenting visual/ tactile cues (Zatorre et al., 1996; Yoo et al., 2001; Brodsky et al., 2003) or inducing voluntary imagery (Kraemer et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInner speech is accompanied by a temporally-precise and content-specific corollary discharge
Jack, B. N., Le Pelley, M. E., Han, N., Harris, A. W. F., Spencer, K. M., & Whitford, T. J. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.038 · Cited by 50
Fronto-temporal theta phase-synchronization underlies music-evoked pleasantness
Ara, A., & Marco‐Pallarés, J. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116665 · Cited by 59
Schroeder, T., & Matheson, C. A. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.003.0002 · Cited by 59
The use of experience-sampling methods to monitor musical imagery in everyday life
Bailes, F. (2006) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/102986490601000202 · Cited by 57
“However, other imagery research (see for example Bailes, 1999; Zatorre et al., 1996; Weber and Brown, 1986) has demonstrated the frequently multi-modal nature of musical imagery.”
BackgroundNot all about sex: neural and biobehavioral functions of human dance
Christensen, J. F., Cela‐Conde, C. J., & Gomila, A. (2017) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13420 · Cited by 68
Reading voices and hearing text: Talker-specific auditory imagery in reading.
Alexander, J. D., & Nygaard, L. C. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.446 · Cited by 101
Play it again sam: brain correlates of emotional music recognition
ALTENMÜLLER, E. O., Siggel, S., Mohammadi, B., Samii, A., & Münte, T. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00114 · Cited by 61
“Retrieval processes from long-term representations of music tend to engage inferior frontal regions (Zatorre et al., 1996; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Zatorre and Halpern, 2005).”
BackgroundExogenous and endogenous response priming with auditory stimuli
Keller, P. E., & Koch, I. (2006) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0061-9 · Cited by 55
Functional and Structural Imaging of the Human Auditory System
Zatorre, R. J., & Binder, J. R. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012692545-6/50014-3 · Cited by 55
Self-citationThe activation of modality-specific representations during discourse processing
Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2013) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.07.003 · Cited by 60
Imagining the music: Methods for assessing musical imagery ability
Clark, T. W., & Williamon, A. (2011) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735611401126 · Cited by 52
Bettermann, H., Amponsah, D., Cysarz, D., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.5.h1762 · Cited by 51
“One question was, How are musical rhythms represented internally? Even electroencephalogram (25) or positron emission tomography (40) registrations have been used to discover structures of perceived music in the mind.”
BackgroundFunctional Imaging of Pitch Analysis
Griffiths, T. D. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1284.004 · Cited by 52
Neural Networks Underlying Epileptic Humming
Bartoloméi, F., Wendling, F., Vignal, J., et al. (2002) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.48501.x · Cited by 51
“Left inferior frontal regions have been found to be activated during familiarity tasks (46) and song perception (47).”
BackgroundMusic Perception and Cognition
Justus, T. C., & Bharucha, J. J. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0471214426.pas0111 · Cited by 51
Music increases frontal EEG coherence during verbal learning
Peterson, D. A., & Thaut, M. H. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.10.057 · Cited by 50
“Lesion [13,29], functional imaging [28, 48 ], EEG [30] and MEG [23,38] studies have suggested that music-related processing in the brain involves cortical and subcortical networks that are more widely distributed than non-musical verbal function.”
BackgroundActivation of cortical areas in music execution and imagining: a high-resolution EEG study
Kristeva, R., Chakarov, V., Schulte‐Mönting, J., & Spreer, J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00422-1 · Cited by 50
Gourévitch, B., Jeannès, R. L. B., Faucon, G., & Liégeois‐Chauvel, C. (2008) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2007.12.003 · Cited by 45
“In fact, the T1Post has numerous specializations such as perceptual speech analysis (Binder et al., 1997; Steinschneider et al., 1999; Zatorre et al., 1996a), melody (Griffiths et al., 1998a) or musical imagery (Zatorre et al., 1996b).”
Christensen, J. F., Pollick, F. E., Lambrechts, A., & Gomila, A. (2016) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.03.008 · Cited by 48
Multimodal images in the brain
Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. F. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546251.003.0001 · Cited by 45
The Pitch Imagery Arrow Task: Effects of Musical Training, Vividness, and Mental Control
Gelding, R. W., Thompson, W. F., & Johnson, B. W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121809 · Cited by 54
“These tasks require a variety of judgments including: pitch judgments about two syllables of the lyrics associated with an imagined tune [8]; comparing the similarity of two imagined instrumental timbres [9]; imagining the continuation of ascending musical scales [10, 11]; imagining familiar music during gaps in the p…”
BackgroundThe Music of Silence. Part I: Responses to Musical Imagery Encode Melodic Expectations and Acoustics
Marion, G., Liberto, G. M. D., & Shamma, S. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0183-21.2021 · Cited by 47
“, 2019) have been shown to generate covert excitation of the vocal folds with a neural signature similar to that observed during musical imagery (Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialPERSPECTIVES IN COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
Kosslyn, S. M. (2000) · Cited by 44
Visual mental imagery and symptoms of depression – results from a large-scale web-based study
Weßlau, C., Cloos, M., Höfling, V., & Steil, R. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0689-1 · Cited by 46
“Mental imagery can occur across a range of sensory modalities, like auditory [4] or gustatory [5], but the visual modality is the one studied most [6].”
BackgroundTowards reconstructing intelligible speech from the human auditory cortexPreprint
Akbari, H., Khalighinejad, B., Herrero, J. L., Mehta, A. D., & Mesgarani, N. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/350124 · Cited by 45
Li, C.-S. R., Chen, M.-C., Yang, Y., Chen, M.-C., & Tsay, P. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00203-1 · Cited by 42
Müller, N., KEIL, J. E., Obleser, J., Schulz, H., Grünwald, T., Bernays, R.-L., Huppertz, H., & Weisz, N. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.001 · Cited by 43
“…that the right precentral cortex is activated during imagery of verbal and non-verbal music alike (Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Leaver et al., 2009; Zatorre et al., 1996) as it could support the generation of an auditory image when one sings or, for instance, hums “internally” to oneself (Halpern…”
The Perpetual Music Track: The Phenomenon of Constant Musical Imagery.
Brown, S. (2006) · Cited by 40
Abbott, A. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416012a · Cited by 43
Mapping Specific Mental Content during Musical Imagery
Regev, M., Halpern, A. R., Owen, A. M., Patel, A. D., & Zatorre, R. J. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab036 · Cited by 44
“2019), as are frontal and parietal cortical structures such as the supplementary motor area (Zatorre et al. 1996; Halpern and Zatorre 1999; Hickok et al. 2003; Foster and Zatorre 2009; Herholz et al. 2012; Foster et al. 2013; Ding et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGilmore, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190096342.001.0001 · Cited by 46
Are Music and Language Homologues?
BROWN, S. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05745.x · Cited by 24
Neural basis of music perception
Janata, P. (2015) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62630-1.00011-1 · Cited by 42
Baeck, E. (2002) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00439.x · Cited by 38
“In two further PET studies (Zatorre et al., 1996; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999), the same team established that when one hears a melody in one’s head without actual auditory stimulation, i.”
BackgroundCarroll-Phelan, B., & Hampson, P. J. (1996) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.2307/40285701 · Cited by 38
Barsalou, L. W. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101107-2.00030-0 · Cited by 38
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.001.0001 · Cited by 43
Self-citationFunctional Neuroimaging of Semantic and Episodic Musical Memory
Platel, H. (2005) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1360.010 · Cited by 37
Neural Encoding and Retrieval of Sound Sequences
Rauschecker, J. P. (2005) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1360.009 · Cited by 36
Harrison, E. C., Horin, A. P., & Earhart, G. M. (2019) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000288 · Cited by 36
Zhang, Y., Chen, G., Wen, H., Lu, K., & Liu, Z. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17178-4 · Cited by 37
Finding your voice: A singing lesson from functional imaging
Wilson, S. J., Abbott, D. F., Lusher, D., Gentle, E. C., & Jackson, G. D. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21173 · Cited by 36
“, 2000], and during perceptual music imagery tasks [Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Halpern et at., 2004; Zatorre et al., 1996].”
Shared mechanisms in perception and imagery of auditory accents
Vlek, R. J., Schaefer, R., Gielen, C. C. A. M., Farquhar, J. D. R., & Desain, P. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.042 · Cited by 36
“Accepted 26 January 2011 Available online 25 February 2011”
BackgroundEffect of skill level on recall of visually presented patterns of musical notes
Kalakoski, V. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00535.x · Cited by 31
Reversing spoken items?mind twisting not tongue twisting
Rudner, M., Rönnberg, J., & Hugdahl, K. (2004) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2004.05.010 · Cited by 31
“In the study by Zatorre and colleagues (Zatorre et al., 1996), songs were used as auditory images.”
MethodThe layering of auditory experiences in driving experience-dependent subcortical plasticity
Skoe, E., & Chandrasekaran, B. (2014) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2014.01.002 · Cited by 31
“…imaging are other approaches for studying changes in auditory midbrain (inferior colliculus) function (Rinne et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2009; Zatorre and Halpern, 1996), and recent advances in high resolution imaging and network analysis (Deshpande et al., 2009; Ress and Chandrasekaran,…”
MethodAuditory Imagery Modulates Frequency-specific Areas in the Human Auditory Cortex
Oh, J., Kwon, J., Yang, P. S., & Jeong, J. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00280 · Cited by 32
Projecting the self outside the body: Body representations underlying proprioceptive imagery
Ganea, N., & Longo, M. R. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.021 · Cited by 33
“Analogous findings have been reported for several other modalities, including audition (e.g., Zatorre et al., 1996), touch (Schmidt et al., 2014), olfaction (e.g., Bensafi et al., 2003), and motoric behaviour (e.g., Decety et al., 1989; Parsons 1994).”
Auditory Aspects of Auditory Imagery
Hubbard, T. L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_4 · Cited by 31
Brain bases of morphological processing in young children
Arredondo, M. M., Ip, K. I., Hsu, L. S., Tardif, T. Z., & Kovelman, I. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22815 · Cited by 29
“Brain imaging results revealed that during the control word-matching brain imaging task, children showed activation in bilateral superior and middle temporal regions typically associated with auditory word recognition [Zatorre et al., 1996].”
BackgroundCebrian, A. N., & Janata, P. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.026 · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., Perry, D. W., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Bucknell University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 1996-01-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-46
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2118136160
- Semantic Scholar
- f29b04ee41f4233efa52f1b15848d758b3eec99d
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bucknell Digital Commons (Bucknell University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- musical imagery, auditory imagery, song perception, cerebral blood flow, secondary auditory cortex, supplementary motor area, thalamus
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