Error awareness revisited: Accumulation of multimodal evidence from central and autonomic nervous systems
Open accessAbstract
The differences between erroneous actions that are consciously perceived as errors and those that go unnoticed have recently become an issue in the field of performance monitoring. In EEG studies, error awareness has been suggested to influence the error positivity (Pe) of the response-locked event-related brain potential, a positive voltage deflection prominent approximately 300 msec after error commission, whereas the preceding error-related negativity (ERN) seemed to be unaffected by error awareness. Erroneous actions, in general, have been shown to promote several changes in ongoing autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, yet such investigations have only rarely taken into account the question of subjective error awareness. In the first part of this study, heart rate, pupillometry, and EEG were recorded during an antisaccade task to measure autonomic arousal and activity of the CNS separately for perceived and unperceived errors. Contrary to our expectations, we observed differences in both Pe and ERN with respect to subjective error awareness. This was replicated in a second experiment, using a modified version of the same task. In line with our predictions, only perceived errors provoke the previously established post-error heart rate deceleration. Also, pupil size yields a more prominent dilatory effect after an erroneous saccade, which is also significantly larger for perceived than unperceived errors. On the basis of the ERP and ANS results as well as brain–behavior correlations, we suggest a novel interpretation of the implementation and emergence of error awareness in the brain. In our framework, several systems generate input signals (e.g., ERN, sensory input, proprioception) that influence the emergence of error awareness, which is then accumulated and presumably reflected in later potentials, such as the Pe.
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In healthy participants, Pe is typically larger after erroneous than correct responses and has been linked to later-stage error appraisal, awareness of mistakes, motivational significance, and confidence in response accuracy.
“In healthy participants, Pe is typically larger after erroneous than correct responses and has been linked to later-stage error appraisal, awareness of mistakes, motivational significance, and confidence in response accuracy [187,188,189,190,191,192,193].”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [193]
The EEG results (page unavailable) report a larger Pe after errors than correct responses, particularly for perceived errors. The General Discussion links the later Pe to evaluating performance accuracy, supporting the appraisal and awareness portions. Our copy does not link Pe to motivational significance; its measure of subjective certainty is instead associated with ERN amplitude. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Chmiel, J., & Kładna, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15155994
- Authors
- Wessel, J. R., Danielmeier, C., & Ullsperger, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research (DE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2011-10-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3021-3036
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2163936675
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- error awareness, error positivity, error-related negativity, performance monitoring, pupil dilation, autonomic arousal, antisaccade task, brain-behavior relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Autonomic Nervous System, Awareness, Blood Pressure, Central Nervous System, Electrocardiography, Electroencephalography, Electrooculography, Evoked Potentials, Eye Movements, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Pupil, Reaction Time, Saccades, Young Adult
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