Arousal-related adjustments of perceptual biases optimize perception in dynamic environments
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Abstract
Prior expectations can be used to improve perceptual judgments about ambiguous stimuli. However, little is known about if and how these improvements are maintained in dynamic environments in which the quality of appropriate priors changes from one stimulus to the next. Using a sound-localization task, we show that changes in stimulus predictability lead to arousal-mediated adjustments in the magnitude of prior-driven biases that optimize perceptual judgments about each stimulus. These adjustments depend on task-dependent changes in the relevance and reliability of prior expectations, which subjects update using both normative and idiosyncratic principles. The resulting variations in biases across task conditions and individuals are reflected in modulations of pupil diameter, such that larger stimulus-evoked pupil responses correspond to smaller biases. These results suggest a critical role for the arousal system in adjusting the strength of perceptual biases with respect to inferred environmental dynamics to optimize perceptual judgements.
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By employing Pontryagin's minimum principle on the probability density function space, the solution satisfying the optimality condition δJ/δu = 0 is given by Eq. (S4).
“By employing Pontryagin's minimum principle on the probability density function space [1-9], the solution that satisfies the optimality condition δ ˜ J/δ ˜ u = 0 is given by”
From Theoretical Analysis of Resource-Induced Phase Transitions in Estimation Strategies (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
The citation is attached to the use of Pontryagin’s minimum principle, not necessarily to the citing authors’ Eq. (S4). The source’s Experimental Procedures section, under “Behavioral data analysis: normative model” (page unavailable), describes Bayesian inference for auditory localization; searches for Pontryagin’s principle and the stated optimality condition found no passage addressing either in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Self-citationCholinergic‐related pupil activity reflects level of emotionality during motor performance
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The Human AffectomePreprint
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Understanding Learning Through Uncertainty and BiasPreprint
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Self-citationThe pupil dilation response as an indicator of visual cue uncertainty and auditory outcome surprise
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Pupil size tracks cue–trace interactions during episodic memory retrieval
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Humans adapt rationally to approximate estimates of uncertaintyPreprint
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Uncertainty estimation with prediction-error circuits
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Auditory accessory stimulus boosts pupil-linked arousal and reduces choice biasPreprint
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A Bayesian model for human directional localization of broadband static sound sourcesPreprint
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Decision-Making under UncertaintyPreprint
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Self-citationHumans adapt rationally to approximate estimates of uncertainty
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Adaptive Integration of Perceptual and Reward Information in an Uncertain WorldPreprint
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How relevant is the prior? Bayesian causal inference for dynamic perception in volatile environmentsPreprint
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- Authors
- Krishnamurthy, K., Nassar, M. R., Sarode, S., & Gold, J. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gold, Joshua I.
- Venue
- Nature Human Behaviour
- Published
- 2017-05-08
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 2397-3374 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5638136
- OpenAlex
- W2611597219
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Human Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1533623)
- National Institutes of Health (NSF 1533623)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH102009)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY015260)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- arousal, perceptual bias, prior expectations, Bayesian inference, stimulus predictability, dynamic environments, sound localization, pupil size, pupil response, perceptual optimization, environmental dynamics
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