Musings on Telepresence and Virtual Presence

“It has been argued that rather than being a stable constant throughout the mediated experience, presence may vary over time (Sheridan, 1992; Biocca, Burgoon, Harms, & Stoner, 2001; IJsselsteijn, Freeman, & de Ridder, 2001).”

“Presence has been previously defined in multiple ways: the feeling of being physically present with the virtual objects [59], or as a combination of spatial presence, involvement and realism [58].”

“Such feelings of presence, or ‘the perception of actually being there’ (Mikropoulos 2006; Sheridan 1992), emerge when a user perceiving or interacting with a medium feels totally immersed in the human–computer environment (Borsci et al.”

“Interactivity is used to describe the consumers’ involvement in the computer-mediated environment(Suh & Lee, 2005), while Telepresence indicates the sense of “being there”(Sheridan, 1992; Steuer, 1992).”

“Virtual reality research suggests several attributes, or factors, of virtual reality systems contribute to providing a sense of presence (Held & Durlach, 1992; Sheridan, 1992; Witmer & Singer, 1992, 1998).”

“Since the application of virtual reality environments as learning contexts, researchers have questioned the effects of presence and immersion in learning activities (e.g., Sheridan 1992; Winn et al. 2002; Hedley et al. 2002; Woods et al. 2003).”

“”5 He uses three types of specifications to make the definitions more precise: (1) a set of tasks, (2) a transformation imposed on the human operator’s control output and sensory input, and (3) a transformation of the region of presence.”

“And therefore, the sense of being present in the virtual realm is felt stronger (Held & Durlach, 1992; Sheridan, 1992; Witmer & Singer, 1998).”

“For a background overview of presence, the reader might consult the following preliminary work: [2] [26].”

“Already in 1992, Sheridan [1] asserted that a deeper understanding of the sense of presence and agency is paramount develop better haptic-enabled teleoperation systems.”

“The basis for these heuristics came from the identification of various environmental control factors shown to affect presence [18][30][37] and their similarity to the flow experience [9].”

“Further, literature suggests that presence should be assessed behaviourally [48, 166, 172] or physiologically [24,39,116,170].”

“Telepresence is defined as the feeling of ‘being there’ in the virtual environment (Hyun & O'Keefe, 2012; Ongsakul et al., 2020; Steuer, 1992; Sheridan, 1992).”

“The media content is about how both the objects in VE, and the sequence of events engage the user (Sheridan, 1992).”

“Sheridan (1992) argued that spatial presence is a function of the users’ ability to control and position their sensor mechanisms with respect to the virtual environment.”

“For example, in our quartet scenario participants were placed in a virtual room with the four virtual characters around them.”

“The concept of “presence” (Lombard & Ditton, 1997; Wirth et al., 2007) has been developed in the computer graphics literature as a way to describe this (Sheridan, 1992, 1994).”

“One key aspect of VR is the feeling of being physically present in a scene, called “presence” (Sheridan, 1992; Slater et al., 1994).”

“This feeling of presence that allow user feel like they are truly in the synthetic environment being presented [126, 127] is a key characteristic of a great VR experience.”

“…synthetic environment characterised by vibrant representations and sensory experiences immersing the user and mediating his/her sense of being and enabling him/her to make modi fi cations to objects within the landscape (Milgram & Kishino, 1994; Sheridan, 1992; Steuer, 1992; Zeltzer, 1992).”

“However, all operational definitions infer that the term ‘‘presence’’ describes a psychologi cal state of being transported to another setting (Minsky, 1980; Sheridan , 1992 ).”

“Sheridan (1992) noted a parallel: the amount of information and its style of presentation are critical to performing a task.”

“The sense of presence is now a famous human factor in VR: it is at the same time an easy to perceive phenomenological property, the sense “of being there” in the virtual environment (Heeter, 1992; Sheridan, 1992), and a complex to define theoretical concept.”

“Lastly, virtual presence, a term coined by [54], refers to presence caused by VR technologies, such as the work presented in this paper.”

“The concept of telepresence (Minsky, 1980; Steuer, 1992) – also termed virtual presence (Sheridan, 1992) and spatial presence (Schubert, 2009; Wirth et al., 2007) – stems from researchers working in engineering and computer sciences (e.g. Minsky, 1980; Sheridan, 1992; Slater & Usoh, 1993).”

“Further discussion of presence can be found in [Held & Durlach, 1992; Sheridan, 1992; Heeter, 1992; Steuer, 1992; Barfield & Weghorst, 1993].”

“In addition, telepresence proportional to the number of sensory stimuli [97] leads consumers to believe that they are well informed about a product [22, 59].”

“Different Types of SCC Control Modes Based on the control modes for unmanned and autonomous vessels, there are also different modes for the SCC. Rødseth et al. [5] argued that remote monitoring, remote operation, status investigation, ASC update, and intervention are the most important SCC control modes.”

“Since the application of artificial or computer-generated environments as learning contexts, researchers have questioned the effects of presence and immersion in learning activities (Hedley et al., 2002; Sheridan, 1992; Winn, 2002).”

“(Calleja, 2011: 18) The term presence has gradually extended beyond referring to virtual environments (Sheridan, 1992), and is now frequently used to indicate ‘experience in both virtual and actual environments’ (Calleja, 2011: 19).”

“According to these researchers who define presence as a subjective psychological state, it cannot be fully captured by objective measures alone (Sheridan, 1992).”

“Sheridan [17] adapted this notion for use in a virtual reality setting referring to it as ‘virtual presence’.”

“Early research in presence suggested that theoretical factors contribute to the perception of presence, including body movements (Slater et al. 1998), sensory stimulation (Held and Durlach 1992), and feedback (Sheridan 1992).”

“…is physically located Interacting with Computers, Vol. 26 No. 3, 2014 at V irginia Polytechnic Institute and State U niversity on A ugust 23, 2014 http://iw c.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from elsewhere (Baños et al., 2000; Sadowski and Stanney, 2002; Sheridan, 1992; Slater and Wilbur, 1997).”

“Currently there is lack of both understanding and empirical documentation concerning this phenomenon, and several authors have cited a need for research in this area (e.g., Barfield & Weghorst, 1993; Held & Durlach, 1992; Sheridan, 1992).”

“Traditionally, academic literature on virtual reality has used a space metaphor to describe presence, such as “being there” (Minsky, 1980) or “feeling of being present in an environment other than one the person is actually in” (Sheridan, 1992).”

“process takes place, or a certain person stands [56]–[58].”

“Thus, a stream of research has actively explored the relationship between the media’s capabilities and telepresence in the field of communication research (Sheridan 1992; Slater and Usoh 1993; Steuer 1992; Witmer and Singer 1998).”

“Traditionally, the main goal of teleoperation has been in successfully operating a vehicle or mechanism over a distance in a manner as if carrying out the task in the local space (Sheridan, 1992a).”

“In essence, as an individual’s ability to physically manipulate objects within one’s environment increases, so does that individual’s perception of presence within that environment (Sheridan, 1992).”

“The literature has already shown that multisensory VR applications influence the sense of presence [10], [19], [20], [21], [22].”

“Sheridan (1992) identified the ability to modify the remote environment as a major determinant of t&presence experiences.”

“Presence (being there) and immersion are key factors of VR, characterized by the quality of the perceptual experience of the human operator [6, 36, 46, 47].”

“The so-called Media Presence theories (Loomis, 1992; Sheridan, 1992, 1994; Schloerb, 1995; Lombard and Ditton, 1997) consider sense of presence as the function of the experience of a given medium.”

“The concept of “divine presence” is not equivalent to, related to, or a subset of the concept of presence as used by most presence researchers, including the original formulation by Sheridan (Sheridan, 1992).”

“Our emerging research question was: If audio is less important in VR, does it matter how many audio types are provided? Sensory resolution or richness has been shown to increase presence in virtual environments [50, 48, 39, 53].”

“Presence refers to the natural perception of an environment (Steuer 1992) or the experience of being physically present in a simulated environment (Sheridan 1992).”

“For example, Sheridan [ 8 ] was concerned with whether subjects duck, blink or carry out other involuntary movements in response to a sudden event.”

“Telepresence is the sense of existing in a place other than one’s own [58], typically a real place, as compared to virtual presence, which is the feeling of being in a virtual, non-real, location [84].”

“According to Heeter (1992) and Sheridan (1992), presence is the sense “of being there” in the virtual environment.”

“This contemporary direction of teleoperation research was based on the belief that the sense of telepresence will improve overall teleoperation (human-in-the-loop) task performance (Sheridan, 1992).”

“Telepresence is the surfer's feeling of being inside the computer's virtual space (Sheridan, 1992).”

“…situations; lower costs of production; requirements for enhanced precision (as with automated blast hole drilling); less environmental impact; ability to mine previously inaccessible areas; more data and information available and reduced manning of equipment (although as discussed previously,…”

“Each experience lasts for around 20–30 s. Varied environmental, atmospheric and sound effects were added in each experience, therefore contributing to the overall immersion and flow of experiences (Thomas Sheridan 1992; Ekman 2013; McMahan 2003).”

“Telecopresence must be distinguished from telepresence, which has been commonly defined as the experience of being physically present at a remote location (Held and Durlach, 1992; Sheridan, 1992).”

“However, one of the key determinates of presence, and a more important factor from an environment design perspective, is a user’s ability to manually modify the environment (Sheridan, 1992, 1996).”

“…the Passive condition in terms of enjoyment results from the evidence that a higher degree of control over navigation in the VE leads to higher sense of presence (Sheridan, 1992; Witmer and Singer, 1998) and that higher presence seems to be associated to greater enjoyment (Sylaiou et al., 2010).”

“Typically, virtual reality refers to the use of interactive simulations created with computer hardware and software to present users with opportunities to engage in environments that appear and feel similar to real world objects and events (Sheridan, 1992).”