Cited by 1,344Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsTeleoperation and Haptic SystemsSocial Robot Interaction and HRI

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Musings on Telepresence and Virtual Presence

Sheridan, Thomas B.·1992·Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments

DOI 10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.120

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February 01 1992 Musings on Telepresence and Virtual Presence Thomas B. Sheridan Thomas B. Sheridan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Thomas B. Sheridan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139. © 1992 Massachusetts Institute of Technology1992 Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments (1992) 1 (1): 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.120 Connected Content A correction has been published: Errata Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Thomas B. Sheridan; Musings on Telepresence and Virtual Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 1992; 1 (1): 120–126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.120 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsPRESENCE: Virtual and Augmented Reality Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1992 Massachusetts Institute of Technology1992 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

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Do Presence Questionnaires Actually Measure Presence? A Content Analysis of Presence Measurement Scales
Nannipieri, O. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15546-8_24 · Cited by 8
A scope of presence-related feelings in AR studies
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“Body responses can also be analysed as indicators of presence (Mestre et al. 2006), and people’s reactions as objective measures of sense of presence (Sheridan 1992, 1996).”
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Adkins, A., Canales, R., & Jörg, S. (2024) · Virtual Reality Software and Technology · doi:10.1145/3641825.3687718 · Cited by 13
“A major metric for evaluating experiences in VR is the sense of presence, which is the “sense of being” within a virtual space [88].”
Impacts of 3D visualizations and virtual reality in display designs for remote monitoring of satellite operations
Buchner, S. L., Rindfuss, A., Wood, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1487281 · Cited by 7
Simulating Social Pressure: Evaluating Risk Behaviors in Construction Using Augmented Virtuality
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“In the 1990s, this concept was incorporated into virtual environments where rather than being in the remote physical environment, individuals were in a virtual environment with the sense of being at the place demonstrated by the virtual displays [18,19].”
A Concept at Work: A Review of Motivations, Operationalizations, and Conclusions in VR Research about Presence
Xiao, C., Yu, D., Hornbæk, K., & Bergström, J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714279 · Cited by 7
“Since the concept of presence was initially introduced in the context of virtual environments [114, 126], and most presence questionnaires were specifically developed for use in immersive virtual environments (e.g., [113, 123, 152]), we focus exclusively on immersive VR studies and exclude studies…”
Confusing virtual reality with reality – An experimental study
Wiesing, M., Comadran, G., & Slater, M. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112655 · Cited by 8
“It has been known since the 1990s that VR can induce a high degree of presence 11,29–31 : (PI) the illusion of being in the place depicted by the virtual displays and (Psi) the illusion that virtual events are really happening, even though the participant knows that these are illusions.”
A multidisciplinary approach to understanding the technology, opportunities, challenges, and implications for society of the metaverse
Slater, M., Dalmazi, M. D., Friedman, D. A., Galissaire, J., Isaac, H., Kobusińska, A., Lopez-Tarruella-Martinez, A., Lamberti, L., Lucas, J.-F., Niamut, O. A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1566419 · Cited by 11
““ Presence ” refers to the illusion of being in this environment, and there is a long history of research in this area (Ellis, 1991; Held and Durlach, 1992; Sheridan, 1992; Ellis, 1996; Sheridan, 1996; Sanchez-Vives and Slater, 2005).”
Design Considerations of a Robotic Head for Telepresence Applications
Pang, W. C., Burhan, & Seet, G. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33503-7_14 · Cited by 7
“Telepresence [5] [6] refers to a set of technologies that enables geographically separated individuals to interact effectively with all the sensations and advantages of actually being at the remote site.”
Background
Virtual kickervs.real goalkeeper in soccer: a way to explore goalkeeper’s performance
Brault, S., Kulpa, R., Duliscouët, L., et al. (2015) · Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité · doi:10.1051/sm/2015026 · Cited by 7
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Achieving Trust in Future Human Interactions with Omnipresent AI: Some Postulates
Sathikh, P. M., Fang, Z. R. D., & Tan, G. Y. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82193-7_47 · Cited by 7
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Sexual harassment bystander training effectiveness: Experimentally comparing 2D video to virtual reality practice.
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“the immersiveness of SH bystander intervention training practice sessions, given VR’s increased presence (i.e., the perception that people and places in a virtual simulation are real; Held and Durlach, 1992; Sheridan, 1992; Draper et al., 1998; Sanchez-Vives & Slater, 2005; Slater et al., 2006).”
Background
Development of Virtual Classroom for Hybrid Live Teaching Mode
Soepriyanto, Y., Pratama, C. R., Kuswandi, D., Kurniawan, C., Oktaviani, H. I., & Nurfahrudianto, A. (2022) · doi:10.1109/icet56879.2022.9990710 · Cited by 7
“While Sheridan notes: the importance of simulated virtual environments (often referred to as "virtual presence") is the sense of being physically present, including visual displays or virtual, auditory, or computer-generated objects or objects [9].”
Background
A comparison of two methods for moving through a virtual environment: walking in place and interactive redirected walking
Banakou, D., & Slater, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2023.1294539 · Cited by 8
Value Creation of Mobile Services Through Presence: Designing Mobile Information and Entertainment Applications with Presence in Mind
Lee, K. M., Yates, D., Clark, J., & Sawy, O. A. E. (2010) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.19.3.265 · Cited by 7
“, 2001), evaluations of book reviews and subsequent intent to purchase (Lee & Nass, 2005), in performance of tasks using teleoperative systems (Sheridan, 1992), and in attribution biases from watching video clips on televiFigure 1.”
Background
Virtual realia: maneuverable computer 3D models and their use in learning assembly skills
Kealy, W. A., & Subramaniam, C. P. (2006) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-006-0054-2 · Cited by 7
“On the other hand, telepresence, was considered a specialized instance of presence that dealt with teleoperation systems for remote manipulation or extended control of a distant environment (Sheridan 1992).”
Background
Exploring the appeal of digital games to male prisoners
Ribbens, W., & Malliet, S. (2014) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2014.10.007 · Cited by 7
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“[11, 19–21,28].”
Using Virtual Reality to Validate the Chinese Version of the Independent Television Commission-Sense of Presence Inventory
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Kamkuimo, S. A., Girard, B., & Ménélas, B. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11156683 · Cited by 9
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da Silva, C. R., & García, A. C. B. (2013) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-281 · Cited by 7
“Given that the sense of presence is a subjective experience (Sheridan, 1992), this criterion was measured through answers to questions in the post-meeting questionnaire based on (Kramer et al.”
Method
Review of Virtual Reality Hardware Employed in K-20 Science Education
Hite, R. L., Childers, G. M., & Jones, M. G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41981-2_123-1 · Cited by 7
Seeing is Believing: The Effect of Video Quality on Quality of Experience in Virtual Reality
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“The feeling of presence can be achieved when seamless sensory immersion occurs [13].”
Background
Review of Virtual Reality Hardware Employed in K-20 Science Education
Hite, R. L., Childers, G. M., & Jones, M. G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2766-7_123 · Cited by 7
Teleoperation, Telerobotics, and Telepresence: A Progress Report
Sheridan, T. B. (1992) · IFAC Proceedings Volumes · doi:10.1016/s1474-6670(17)50164-0 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Using augmented virtuality to improve human-robot interactions
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Entelechy and Embodiment in (Artistic) Human-Computer Interaction
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“... though there are some varying terms related to "presence" differentiating the senses of being in a physical and synthetic environment, "presence" seems at least since the 1990s to be a general term [18, 15] referring both to "virtual presence" [25], the experience of being in a virtual environment, and telepresenc…”
Background
Augmented Reality Framework for the Socialization between Elderly People
Almeida, L., Menezes, P. J., & Dias, J. M. M. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-3986-7.ch023 · Cited by 7
A Comparison of Two Presence Measures Based on Experimental Results
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“Those applications of virtual environment technology that seek to produce a sense of “immersion” or “presence” in a virtual environment (e.g., Held & Durlach, 1992; Sheridan, 1992) are particularly reliant on providing high fidelity, multisensory information.”
Background
Find the apartment’s flaws! the impact of virtual reality on vocational students’ performance in general education classes and the roles of flow experience, motivation, and sense of presence
Keller, C., Walker, G., Amenduni, F., Tela, A., & Cattáneo, A. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13320-2 · Cited by 8
“Presence is a complex psychological phenomenon involving sensory processing (Draper et al., 1998; Heeter, 1992; Sheridan, 1992) that enhances user engagement and enjoyment (Lessiter et al., 2001), making immersive technologies beneficial for learning.”
Presence Assessment in Virtual Reality: A Systematic Literature Review
de Ocampo, F. O., Hernández-Melgarejo, G., Ramirez-Treviño, A., & Fuentes-Aguilar, R. Q. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16063102 · Cited by 9
“Definition [46] 1183 1992 The sense of being physically present with visual, auditory, or force displays generated by a computer.”
When Do We Feel Present in a Virtual Reality? Towards Sensitivity and User Acceptance of Presence Questionnaires
Degenhard, A., Askari, A., Rietzler, M., & Rukzio, E. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714204 · Cited by 11
“Since telepresence was defined to describe the phenomenon of presence in the context of workstations [37], Sheri-dan et al. focused their approach primarily on factors of immersion.”
Low-Cost Motion-Tracking for Computational Psychometrics Based on Virtual Reality
Cipresso, P., Serino, S., Giglioli, I. A. C., et al. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13969-2_11 · Cited by 6
“focusing on the disappearance of the medium from the conscious attention of the individual during the human-computer interaction [1-7].”
Background
Study on the Efficient Utilization Method of UI Based on the UI Case Analysis of Virtual Reality Games
Seo, G. (2021) · Journal of Digital Contents Society · doi:10.9728/dcs.2021.22.3.383 · Cited by 6
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Avila, J. L. O., Jimenez, H. F., & Carrasco, A. M. (2020) · doi:10.1145/3449301.3449344 · Cited by 6
Multi-Modal Stimulation, Response Time, and Presence
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Mukbang and Me: Implications on Cognition and Physical Well-Being among Undergraduates
Jenging, R., & Mohamad, F. S. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development · doi:10.33736/jcshd.4901.2022 · Cited by 6
“Most importantly, the interactions are consistent and error-free (Haans & IJsselstijn, 2012; Sheridan, 1992a,b).”
Background
The Unique Aesthetic Experience of VR Technology
Fu, X., Zhou, Z., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.54097/hset.v44i.7317 · Cited by 6
Faraway, so Close: Perceptions of the Metaverse on the Edge of Madness
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Transmission
Gingrich, O., Renaud, A., Emets, E., et al. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2601080.2677715 · Cited by 6
“Sheridan [32] identified five factors of telepresence—three technological and two context-based.”
Background
The figure and ground of engagement
Turner, P. (2012) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-012-0439-6 · Cited by 6
“research where the body has, until quite recently, been treated as an ‘‘engineering problem’’ (Sheridan 1992).”
Background
Spatial audition in a static virtual environment : the role of auditory-visual interaction
Nguyen, K., Suied, C., Viaud‐Delmon, I., et al. (2024) · Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting · doi:10.20385/1860-2037/6.2009.5 · Cited by 6
Olfactory Stimuli Increase Presence During Simulated Exposure
Munyan, B. G., Neer, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Jentsch, F. G. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39907-2_16 · Cited by 6
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“Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Symposium on Mixed Reality, pp 48-55, March 14–15, 2001 [4] Sheridan, Thomas B, “Musings on telepresence and virtual presence,” in Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, Number 1, Vol 1,MIT Press, 1992, pp. 120-126.”
Background
Modification of knee flexion during walking with use of a real-time personalized avatar
Agopyan, H., Griffet, J., Poirier, T. P., & Bredin, J. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02797 · Cited by 7
“The increased avatar could interact with motor behaviour by accelerating the phenomenon of learning motor tasks [31] combined with telepresence [46].”
Background
“When virtuality merges with reality
Rana, K., Sharma, B., Sarkar, S., et al. (2021) · SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences · doi:10.4103/srmjrds.srmjrds_9_21 · Cited by 6
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Paradoxes of Interactivity
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Hand- and gaze-control of telepresence robots
Zhang, G., Hansen, J. P., & Minakata, K. (2019) · doi:10.1145/3314111.3318149 · Cited by 6
The Phi Angle: A Theoretical Essay on Sense of Presence, Human Factors, and Performance in Virtual Reality
Maneuvrier, A., & Westermann, H. (2020) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00359 · Cited by 8
“…apprehension can be elicited; we will simply consider the sense of presence in VR as a psychophysiological “sense of being there” (Heeter, 1992; Sheridan, 1992) phenomenon provoked by the interaction between bottom-up stimuli (the immersion, a computer-made sensory filter), and top-down…”
BackgroundInfluential
Taxonomy of research on human interactions with intelligent systems
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Development of an Estimation Model for Instantaneous Presence in Audio-Visual Content
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Speed Perception: An objective measure of presence in virtual environments
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From Teleoperation to the Cognitive Human - Robot Interface
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“Traditionally, literature has used a space metaphor about presence, such as being there (Minsky, 1980) or feeling of being present in an environment other than one the person is actually in (Sheridan, 1992).”
Background
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Abdel-Razek, A.-R. (2020) · doi:10.70675/c3d6507bzcde7z4624z930az548ff5f52686 · Cited by 6
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“Many scholars differentiate between spatial presence, the sensation of being in an environment other than one’s actual environment, and plausibility presence, the degree of agency in interaction one has with that environment (e.g., Johnson-Glenberg, 2019; Sheridan, 1992; Slater et al., 2022).”
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“Conversely, in a CVE, information is not sent directly from sender to receiver; rather, attention is on the virtual environment that is created and then experienced (Sheridan, 1992; see Figure 1).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Pictures in our heads: Politics of space, time, and memory in Polish virtual reality storyworlds
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“For instance, Sheridan (1992) suggested that ‘presence’ entails a ‘feeling like you are actually there at the remote site’ (p. 120).”
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When Interfaces Make It Real
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Distributed Cognition and the Experience of Presence in the Mars Exploration Rover Mission
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“This has led to metrics for assessing presence (e.g., Grassini and Laumann, 2020) as well-research aimed at clarifying the concept (e.g., Sheridan, 1992; Lee, 2004; Pillai et al., 2013) and the psychological and neurological processes that underlie it (e.g., Zahoric and Jenison, 1998; Seth et al.,…”
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“Cluster 2 (red) of 28 documents: Theoretical Steuer J, 1992 [51] Defining virtual reality 94 691 Sheridan, 1992 [52] Three measurable physical variables of telepresence and virtual presence assessment 72 638 Figure 11.”
Background
Performance measurement in railway remote driving implementations
Urassa, P. E., Olsson, N. O. E., Lau, A., Mandhaniya, P., & Andersen, B. S. (2024) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/itr2.12580 · Cited by 5
The Relation between Virtual Presence and Learning Outcomes in Serious Games – The Mediating Effect of Motivation
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“One main concept that we often come across is "the sense of presence" [18-20].”
Background
Impact of Cognitive Style upon Sense of Presence
Sas, C., & O’Hare, G. M. P. (2003) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 5
Analysis of the Level of Immersion of 360º Video Features Produced by Spanish Media
de Gracia, M. J. B., & Damas, S. H. (1970) · Communication & Society · doi:10.15581/003.32.2.77-95 · Cited by 7
“The concept, which has been defined in many ways (Steuer, 1992, p. 104; Sheridan, 1992, p. 123; Heeter, 1992, p. 262; Lombard & Ditton, 1997; Lee, 2004, p. 32), corresponds to “the sensation of being in the virtual setting indicated by the way of responding to it as if it were real” (Slater et al.,…”
Background
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Fu, Y., & Li, Q. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/825/1/012015 · Cited by 5
“The term “Presence” refers to, “the effect felt when controlling real-world objects remotely as well as the effect people feel when they interact with and immerse themselves in VEs” [22].”
Background
Natureza Virtual: Enhancing Ecosystem Awareness by Using Virtual Reality in Educational Tourism
Viveiros, L. C., Pereira, A. I., Peroni, J. V., Fachada, I., & Gonçalves, E. (2021) · Progress in IS · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68086-2_22 · Cited by 5
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Gonzales, H. M. S., & Gutiérrez, A. B. (2021) · Comunicación y Sociedad · doi:10.32870/cys.v2021.7728 · Cited by 5
Synthetic Experience: A Taxonomy, Survey of Earlier Thought, and Speculations on the Future
Robinett, W. (1992) · Cited by 5
KIMA
Gingrich, O., Renaud, A., & Emets, E. (2013) · doi:10.1145/2503649.2503652 · Cited by 5
Stabilization Through Gyration: A Wave Variable Approach to High Frequency Force Feedback in Telerobotics
Tanner, N. A., & Niemeyer, G. (2006) · Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium · doi:10.1109/vr.2006.124 · Cited by 5
“Telepresence, often targeted as the ultimate goal of teleoperation [ 8 ], includes the user’s ability to feel remote interactions.”
Background
Musings on Music Making and Listening: Supervisory Control and Virtual Reality
Sheridan, T. B. (2004) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2004.825879 · Cited by 5
“, closing one’s eyes or “ducking” one’s head if a virtual object is seen to be on a collision course), or the use of visual or auditory masking noise to determine how little noise is required before one can no longer discriminate virtual from real) [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Presence, flow, and narrative absorption questionnaires: a scoping review
Pianzola, F. (2021) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.13277.1 · Cited by 4
Vicarious experience: staying there connected with and through our own and other characters
Marsh, T. (2005) · Cited by 5
An exploratory study on virtual reality head mounted displays and their impact on player presence.
Seibert, J. (2014) · Cited by 5
A cyber campus to support students experiencing barriers accessing education
Nisiotis, L. (2015) · SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) · Cited by 5
Virtual reality training:reducing social distance abroad and facilitating spanish second language acquisition
Zimotti, G. (2018) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 5
Imagining in the spatial design process
McAuliffe, M. B. (2013) · Cited by 5
Charting the landscape of presence in virtual reality research: a bibliometric review
Williams, P., Kelly, M., Rowett, D. S., & Gwilt, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1691240 · Cited by 6
From virtual to reality: A systematic review of the impact of virtual reality on skill acquisition, retention, and transfer
Zhong, Y., Guo, K., Xu, L., & Fryer, L. K. (2026) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2026.100767 · Cited by 6
Participatory presence – social connectedness through collaborative art practices
Gingrich, O., Havsteen-Franklin, D., Grant, C., Renaud, A., & Hignell-Tully, D. (2024) · International Journal of Performance Arts and Digital Media · doi:10.1080/14794713.2024.2340418 · Cited by 10
“Only in the 1990s did the role of human perception moved into the foreground of academic debate: Paul Sheridan famously described telepresence as the ‘ experience of being there ’ , shifting the focus onto the individual and the notion of embodiment (Sheridan 1992).”
Age-sensitive well-being support
Waterworth, J. A., Chignell, M., & Moller, H. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816958-2.00004-6 · Cited by 5
Design fiction exploration of romantic interaction with virtual humans in virtual reality1
Eriksson, T. (2022) · Journal of Future Robot Life · doi:10.3233/frl-210007 · Cited by 4
“There exist different levels of interactivity and immersion, but usually the user can move around in and interact with the virtual world (Sheridan, 1992; Steuer, 1994; Zeltzer, 1992).”
El uso de la Realidad Virtual Inmersiva en las aulas: un meta-análisis
Roda-Segarra, J., Andrés, S. M., & Martínez-Roig, R. (2022) · Research in Education and Learning Innovation Archives · doi:10.7203/realia.29.21488 · Cited by 4
Experimenting with non-fiction VR storytelling: micronarrative, abstraction and interactive navigation. The case of In Pieces VR
Soler-Adillón, J. (2022) · Digital Creativity · doi:10.1080/14626268.2022.2154808 · Cited by 4
“of place; the illusion of ‘being in there’ (Sheridan 1992; Slater 2009).”
Background
Effect of Immersive Experience on Repurchase Intention of Virtual Heritage Tours among Gen-Z in Indonesia
Patria, T. A., Hidayah, N., & Suherlan, H. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202338804013 · Cited by 4
“What’s more, telepresence is seen as a phenomenon where media users are seemingly not aware of the existence of a physical environment, and that users feel as if they stay in a virtual environment [9, 11].”
Background
Measuring User Engagement in Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality Interventions for Stress Reduction
Nath, N., Kalatzis, A., & Stanley, L. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48041-6_38 · Cited by 6
Predicting Quality of Multimedia Experience Using Electrocardiogram and Respiration Signals
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Authors: Sheridan, T. B.
Affiliations: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Sheridan, Thomas B.
ORCID: Sheridan, Thomas B.
Venue: Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Publisher: MIT Press - Journals
Published: 1992-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 120-126
ISSN: 1054-7460 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.120
OpenAlex: W104998059
Cited by: 1,344
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 20.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Teleoperation and Haptic Systems
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Keywords: telepresence, virtual presence, teleoperation, virtual worlds, presence

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