Effects of Stereoscopic Viewing on Presence, Anxiety, and Cybersickness in a Virtual Reality Environment for Public Speaking
Abstract
In this study, we addressed the effect of stereoscopy on presence, anxiety, and cybersickness in a virtual public speaking world, and investigated the relationships between these three variables. Our results question the practical relevance of applying stereoscopy in head-mounted displays (HMDs) for virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) in a virtual public speaking world. In VRET, feelings of presence improve the efficacy (B. K. Wiederhold & M. D. Wiederhold, 2005). There are reports of a relatively large group of dropouts during VRET at low levels of presence in the virtual environment (Krijn, Emmelkamp, Olafsson, & Biemond, 2004). Therefore, generating an adequate level of presence is essential for the success of VRET. In this study, 86 participants were recruited and they were immersed in the virtual public speaking world twice: once with stereoscopic rendering and once without stereoscopic rendering. The results showed that spatial presence was significantly improved by adding stereoscopy, but no difference for reported involvement or realism was found. The heart rate measurements also showed no difference between stereoscopic and nonstereoscopic viewing. Participants reported similar anxiety feelings about their talk and similar level of cybersickness in both viewing modes. Even though spatial presence was significantly improved, the size of statistical effect was relatively small. Our results therefore suggest that stereoscopic rendering may not be of practical importance for VRET in public speaking settings.
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Studies show unclear relationships between presence and emotions; some found significant positive correlations, some did not, and some found negative correlations.
“However, studies show unclear relationships between presence and emotions. Some studies found significant positive correlations, [56,57], some did not [54,58,59], and some even found negative correlations [60,61].”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [60]
Existing published studies show mixed results on the correlation between self-reported presence and anxiety in VRET.
“Existing published studies show mixed results. While some studies have found significant positive correlations between self-reported presence and anxiety in VRET [23], [24], some have not [25], [26]. Some studies even found negative correlations between presence and anxiety [27], [28].”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
The current subjective presence measures do not capture the essential sense of presence that is responsible for activating fear related to social anxiety in individuals.
“As several trials have demonstrated the potential of VRET for social anxiety disorder [27], [28], [75], one might conclude that the current subjective presence measures do not capture the essential sense of presence that is responsible for activating fear related to social anxiety in individuals.”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Ling, Y., Brinkman, W.-P., Nefs, H. T., Qu, C., & Heynderickx, I.
- Affiliations
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Venue
- Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 254-267
- ISSN
- 1054-7460 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2160586172
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 11.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- stereoscopic viewing, virtual reality exposure therapy, public speaking anxiety, cybersickness, presence, spatial presence, head-mounted displays, heart rate, immersion, realism (computer graphics)
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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