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Cited by 62Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applicationsAdvanced Drug Delivery SystemsPolymer-Based Agricultural Enhancements

Swelling and controlled release of tramadol hydrochloride from a pH-sensitive hydrogel

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Hussain, Talib, Ranjha, Nazar Muhammad, Shahzad, Yasser·2011·Designed Monomers and Polymers
DOI 10.1163/138577211x557521
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Abstract

In the present study pH-sensitive polyvinylpyrrolidone/acrylic acid (PVP/AA) hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization in the presence of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker. For this purpose, different concentrations of PVP, AA and EGDMA were used to synthesize polymeric networks. This study focused on evaluating the effect of the composition on the swelling of hydrogels and release of tramadol hydrochloride at varying pH (1.2, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5). Gel fraction, porosity and diffusion coefficient were also determined. The hydrogels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy for surface morphology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction for studying possible chemical interactions. The hydrogels exhibited a pH-dependent swelling behavior. The degree of swelling, as well as drug release from PVP/AA hydrogel, was significantly increased as pH varied from 1.2 to 7.5. Swelling was increased by increasing the AA content, while a decrease in swelling was observed with increasing EGDMA content. Drug-release data were fitted to kinetic models including zero-order, firstorder, Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas. Results indicated that release of tramadol hydrochloride from the PVP/AA hydrogel was non-Fickian and that the mechanism was diffusion controlled.

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  • A high concentration of cross-linker led to a denser network in PAG-co-AA hydrogels as a result of chain elongation between PAG and acrylic acid units.

    “A high concentration of cross-linker led to a denser network as a result of chain elongation between PAG and AA units (Hussain et al., 2011).”

    From A novel pH-responsive hydrogel system based on Prunus armeniaca gum and acrylic acid: Preparation and evaluation as a potential candidate for controlled drug delivery. (2023) · cites this paper as Hussain et al., 2011

    Section 3.4 reports that increasing cross-linker concentration reduced porosity in PVP/AA hydrogels, consistent with a denser network. It attributes this to increased physical entanglement between PVP and AA, not chain elongation, and the paper studies PVP/AA rather than PAG/AA. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

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  • The in vitro drug release experiment was executed thrice for both media and final results were computed as the mean of three values.

    “In vitro experiment was executed thrice for both media and final results were computed as the mean of three values (Hussain et al., 2011).”

    From A novel pH-responsive hydrogel system based on Prunus armeniaca gum and acrylic acid: Preparation and evaluation as a potential candidate for controlled drug delivery. (2023) · cites this paper as Hussain et al., 2011

    Section 2.5, Drug Loading and Release Study (page unavailable), describes the dissolution procedure but does not say the experiment was run three times or that results were averaged. Table 4 reports release values for three pH media, but does not establish how many measurements produced them. Searches for the quoted wording and for triplicate measurements or means found no passage addressing those details. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Authors
Hussain, T., Ranjha, N. M., & Shahzad, Y.
Affiliations
  • Bahauddin Zakariya University (PK)
  • University of Huddersfield (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Designed Monomers and Polymers
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2011-01
Volume
14
Issue
3
Pages
233-249
ISSN
  • 1385-772X (ISSN-L)
  • 1568-5551
DOI
10.1163/138577211x557521
OpenAlex
W1977554378
Cited by
62
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
FWCI
1.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Designed Monomers & Polymers (publishedVersion)
Funders
Bahauddin Zakariya University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Polymer-Based Agricultural Enhancements
Keywords
tramadol hydrochloride, pH-responsive hydrogels, polyvinylpyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, hydrogel swelling, controlled drug release, release kinetics, non-Fickian diffusion, gel content, porosity, diffusion coefficient, Korsmeyer-Peppas model, Higuchi model

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