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Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease
Open accessAbstract
APOE genotype is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). ABCA1, a member of the ATP-binding cassette family of active transporters, lipidates apoE in the CNS. Abca1(-/-) mice have decreased lipid associated with apoE and increased amyloid deposition in several AD mouse models. We hypothesized that mice overexpressing ABCA1 in the brain would have increased lipidation of apoE-containing lipoproteins and decreased amyloid deposition. To address these hypotheses, we created PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice that overexpress mouse Abca1 throughout the brain under the control of the mouse prion promoter. We bred the PrP-mAbca1 mice to the PDAPP AD mouse model, a transgenic line overexpressing a mutant human amyloid precursor protein. PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice developed a phenotype remarkably similar to that seen in PDAPP/Apoe(-/-) mice: there was significantly less amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) deposition, a redistribution of Abeta to the hilus of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, and an almost complete absence of thioflavine S-positive amyloid plaques. Analyses of CSF from PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice and media conditioned by PrP-mAbca1 Tg primary astrocytes demonstrated increased lipidation of apoE-containing particles. These data support the conclusions that increased ABCA1-mediated lipidation of apoE in the CNS can reduce amyloid burden and that increasing ABCA1 function may have a therapeutic effect on AD.
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TL;DR
Overexpression of ABCA1 in the brain increased lipidation of apoE-containing lipoproteins and markedly reduced fibrillar amyloid deposition in PDAPP mice. The phenotype resembled PDAPP/Apoe−/− mice, supporting ABCA1/apoE lipidation as a potential AD therapeutic target.
Key findings
- PrP-mAbca1 transgenic mice overexpressed ABCA1 throughout the brain at approximately 2- to 14-fold across five lines; when crossed to PDAPP mice, PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice had significantly less Aβ deposition, redistribution of Aβ to the hilus of the dentate gyrus, and almost no thioflavine S–positive amyloid plaques, similar to PDAPP/Apoe−/− mice.
- At 12 months, Aβ levels were approximately 2.5-fold lower in PDAPP/Abca1 line D and approximately 3-fold lower in line E versus non-Tg littermates; thioflavine S–positive amyloid was decreased by approximately 50% with 2-fold ABCA1 overexpression and to almost 0 with 6-fold or greater overexpression.
- At 3 months, before histological Aβ deposition, PDAPP/Abca1 line D and E Tg mice had 15%–50% higher Aβ levels than non-Tg controls, with no differences in APP or APP C-terminal fragments, suggesting altered clearance/transport rather than increased production.
- ABCA1 overexpression increased apoE lipidation: CSF apoE particles tended to be larger, astrocyte-conditioned media had a greater proportion of apoE particles larger than 11 nm, and lipoprotein fractions showed a significantly greater cholesterol-to-apoE ratio. High-expressing lines also had lower apoE in hippocampus (approximately 40%) and CSF (approximately 40%–70%), but line D reduced Aβ without lowering apoE.
Methods
- Mouse Abca1 cDNA was cloned into the MoPrP.HD-N171 vector to create PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice; five lines (D, E, L, J, G) with 2- to 14-fold brain ABCA1 overexpression were characterized, and lines D, E, and J were bred to the PDAPP AD mouse model.
- Mice were analyzed at 3 or 12 months with non-Tg littermate controls; outcomes included Aβ and thioflavine S histology/stereology, Aβ and apoE ELISAs, Western blotting, real-time RT-PCR, CSF and astrocyte-conditioned media lipoprotein analyses by nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography, and testis histology/TUNEL/immunohistochemistry.
- Statistical comparisons used two-tailed Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U test, with P < 0.05 considered significant.
Limitations
- The paper states that it is unclear whether increasing ABCA1 in adulthood may compromise male fertility, or whether ABCA1 can be selectively targeted to brain versus testes or other organs; male mice overexpressing ABCA1 at 6-fold or greater were infertile, with approximately 50% reduced testes mass and approximately 3-fold more apoptotic testicular cells.
- The paper notes that mechanisms linking increased apoE lipidation to altered Aβ transport, clearance, or aggregation were not directly tested, and that behavioral studies in APP Tg mice can be difficult to interpret.
- Evident from the text: findings are from transgenic mouse models with supraphysiological ABCA1 overexpression, some high-expressing lines had peripheral cholesterol changes of unknown mechanism, and several supporting observations are reported as data not shown.
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29 Own result · 19 Own interpretation · 9 Sources not found · 2 No basis given · 1 Own method
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In the paper
“ranging from approximately 2-fold in line D to approximately 14-fold in line G (Figure 1A).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > The 5 lines of PrP-mAbca1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Analysis of tissue from the occipital cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, striatum, septum, and thalamus showed that PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice overexpressed ABCA1 throughout the brain (Figure 1B).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > The 5 lines of PrP-mAbca1
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the CSF, apoE levels were decreased by approximately 40%-70% in all lines overexpressing ABCA1 (Figure 6C).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > ApoE levels and solubility in PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“We found no difference between Tg and non-Tg apoE mRNA levels in either the hippocampus or cortex of either line (Figure 6D and data not shown).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > ApoE levels and solubility in PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“overexpression of ABCA1 by 6-fold or greater resulted in reductions in hippocampal apoE of approximately 40% compared with non-Tg littermate control mice (Figure 6A).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > ApoE levels and solubility in PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Quantification of the APP and CTF bands using image analysis software revealed no significant differences between PDAPP/Abca1 Tg and PDAPP/ Abca1 non-Tg mice.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Statistics.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with astrocytes derived from non-Tg mice, astrocytes derived from Tg mice secreted less apoE and associated cholesterol in HDL-like lipoproteins (Figure 7, C and D).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > ApoE levels and solubility in PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Spermatogenesis defects in 3-month-old PrP-mAbca1 line E Tg mice.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Statistics.
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to the positive effects of overexpression of ABCA1 on Aβ, we did observe that male mice overexpressing ABCA1 at levels 6-fold or greater than those in normal brain were infertile.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No elongated spermatids were present in testes from Tg mice.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Statistics.
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
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In the paper
“The PDAPP mice with wild-type ABCA1 levels (PDAPP/Abca1 non-Tg mice) had frequent punctate Aβ deposits in the cortex and hippocampus (Figure 3A, top left panel), including the molecular layer of the hippocampus, but almost no Aβ deposits in the hilus of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (Figure 3A, middle left panel).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Amyloid deposition in the brains of PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, the PDAPP mice with ABCA1 overexpression (PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice) had rare Aβ deposition in the cortex (Figure 3A, top middle panel), occasional Aβ deposition in the molecular layer, and frequent Aβ deposition in the hilus of the dentate gyrus (Figure 3A, middle panel).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Amyloid deposition in the brains of PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since decreases or increases in ABCA1 expression alter the absolute level of apoE without affecting Apoe transcription, understanding how ABCA1 alters apoE metabolism in the brain will be important.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, almost no thioflavine S-positive amyloid plaques were seen in the PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice (Figure 3A, bottom middle panel) or in PDAPP/Apoe -/-mice (Figure 3A, bottom right panel), even in sections with extensive Aβ deposits.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Amyloid deposition in the brains of PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the cortex, apoE was decreased by only approximately 20% in Tg mice from PrP-mAbca1 lines L, J, and G and was not decreased significantly in lines D or E (Figure 6B).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > ApoE levels and solubility in PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Aβ load in the entire hippocampus did not vary significantly according to the presence of the mABCA1 transgene, but the distribution of Aβ within the hippocampus was altered by the transgene.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Amyloid deposition in the brains of PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice had more Aβ deposition in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and less in the molecular layer (Figure 4A).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Amyloid deposition in the brains of PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice had (a) decreased deposition of Aβ; (b) a near absence of thioflavine S-positive amyloid plaques; and (c) a redistribution of Aβ deposits in the hippocampus from the molecular layer to the hilus of the dentate gyrus.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“APP Tg mice that are crossed to mice lacking Apoe develop significantly less Aβ deposition, and strikingly, the Aβ plaques that do form are almost all nonfibrillar and are not associated with neuritic dystrophy (20,23,24).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“3 laboratories independently found that deletion of Abca1 either has no effect on or even increases Aβ deposition in 4 different mouse models of AD (20,23,24).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“demonstrating that lipid-poor apoE binds to fibrillar Aβ in vivo and likely promotes amyloidogenesis.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for genetic background effects, non-Tg littermate mice were always used as controls in experiments with the PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice from the appropriate line.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Animals and tissue collection.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The size of the decrease did not vary between lines that overexpressed ABCA1 6-fold to 14-fold, indicating that the effect is saturable.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > ApoE levels and solubility in PrP-mAbca1 Tg mice.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Activation of the transcription factor LXR has been shown to increase transcription of ABCA1 and many other genes involved in lipid metabolism and other pathways (50)(51)(52).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (50)(51)(52)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This phenotype strongly argues that overexpression of ABCA1 in the brain decreases the amyloidogenic properties of apoE and, further, that increased apoE lipidation results in a phenotype very similar to apoE deficiency with respect to Aβ metabolism.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The PDAPP mouse model of AD recapitulates key features of human AD such that findings in this model are relevant to AD.
- Rests on an assumption: Aβ deposition and fibrillogenesis in mouse models are appropriate measures of AD pathology.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because this difference in apoJ levels was not observed in ABCA1 line D mice (data not shown), a 2-fold overexpression of ABCA1 in the brain is insufficient to significantly alter either apoJ or apoE levels (Figure 6A).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Effects of brain overexpression of ABCA1 on other proteins.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, lipidated apoE binds with a much higher affinity than poorly lipidated apoE to soluble Aβ (60).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Previous in vitro work has shown that lipidated apoE forms an SDS-stable complex with Aβ to a greater extent than nonlipidated apoE (58,59).”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These higher levels do not represent deposited Aβ, as the mice did not have histological evidence of Aβ deposition at this age.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Amyloid deposition in the brains of PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no differences between PDAPP/Abca1 line E Tg and PDAPP/non-Tg mice (Figure 5E), suggesting that Aβ production was not likely to account for the differences in Aβ levels at 3 months.”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Amyloid deposition in the brains of PDAPP/Abca1 Tg mice.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The PDAPP mouse model of AD recapitulates key features of human AD such that findings in this model are relevant to AD.
“PDAPP AD mouse model, a transgenic line overexpressing a mutant human amyloid precursor protein.”
“increasing ABCA1 function may have a therapeutic effect on AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Aβ deposition and fibrillogenesis in mouse models are appropriate measures of AD pathology.
“These data support the conclusions that increased ABCA1-mediated lipidation of apoE in the CNS can reduce amyloid burden and that increasing ABCA1 function may have a therapeutic effect on AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effects of ABCA1 overexpression on Aβ deposition are not due to altered expression of other proteins outside those tested.
“No differences were found in the levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1), and apoA-I when comparing ABCA1 line E Tg mice to non-Tg littermates (Figure 8, A and B).”
Claims other papers make about this one
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Conversely, increasing Abca1 expression, and subsequently apoE lipidation, reduces Aβ peptides and plaque deposition. 13”
From Deletion of miR-33, a regulator of the ABCA1–APOE pathway, ameliorates neuropathological phenotypes in APP/PS1 mice (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“ABCA1 overexpression or LXR/RXR agonist treatment decreased amyloid deposition [66-69].”
From MicroRNAs in brain cholesterol metabolism and their implications for Alzheimer's disease (2016) · cites this paper as [69]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both the overexpression and deletion of ABCA1 in the mouse brain resulted in a decrease in apoE protein level [28-30].”
From Measurement of apolipoprotein E and amyloid β clearance rates in the mouse brain using bolus stable isotope labeling (2012) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, the apoE containing lipoprotein particles isolated from the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of ABCA1−/− mice were poorly lipidated, while those from the CSF of mice overexpressing ABCA1 had higher levels of lipidation compared to Wt animals [28,30].”
From Measurement of apolipoprotein E and amyloid β clearance rates in the mouse brain using bolus stable isotope labeling (2012) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, several studies have demonstrated that increasing apoE lipidation, either through genetic or pharmacological approaches, promotes Aβ clearance and improves cognitive performance in mice (27, 44, 45).”
From APOE3 -Jacksonville (V236E) variant reduces self-aggregation and risk of dementia (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“because the extent of apoE lipidation may also play a role in modulating Aβ accumulation (41)”
From Human ApoE isoforms differentially regulate brain amyloid-β peptide clearance (2011) · cites this paper as [41]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This finding is consistent with a previous report that demonstrated no change in apoE protein levels when ABCA1 was overexpressed 2‐ or 6‐fold over the endogenous level in the cortex. 13”
From Deletion of miR-33, a regulator of the ABCA1–APOE pathway, ameliorates neuropathological phenotypes in APP/PS1 mice (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“ABCA1 gene ablation in mice decreased APOE lipidation and levels and increased Aβ accumulation in APP transgenic mouse models.”
From MicroRNAs in brain cholesterol metabolism and their implications for Alzheimer's disease (2016) · cites this paper as [69]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“whereas ABCA1 overexpression ameliorated Aβ accumulation (Donkin et al., 2010; Wahrle et al., 2008).”
From miR-106b impairs cholesterol efflux and increases Aβ levels by repressing ABCA1 expression (2012) · cites this paper as Wahrle et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the brain, the level of ABCA1 has been shown to modulate the extent of apoE lipidation and apoE levels.”
From Measurement of apolipoprotein E and amyloid β clearance rates in the mouse brain using bolus stable isotope labeling (2012) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Brain levels of the cholesterol transporter ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) also alter the amount of apoE and the extent of apoE lipidation in mice.”
From Measurement of apolipoprotein E and amyloid β clearance rates in the mouse brain using bolus stable isotope labeling (2012) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In transgenic mice that overexpress the human amyloid precursor protein (APP), increasing ABCA1 levels caused a significant decrease in amyloid deposition in the brain [30].”
From Measurement of apolipoprotein E and amyloid β clearance rates in the mouse brain using bolus stable isotope labeling (2012) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) overexpression in APP transgenic mice also showed a similar phenotype (Wahrle et al., 2008).”
From Apolipoprotein E in Synaptic Plasticity and Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms (2014) · cites this paper as Wahrle et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“When these mice, which had greater apoE lipidation, were crossed with PDAPP mice, there was a dramatic decrease in the amount of Aβ deposition and thioflavine-S positive plaques in the ABCA1 transgenic mice (Wahrle et al., 2008).”
From The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease (2009) · cites this paper as Wahrle et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Over a decade of evidence demonstrates that the cell-surface lipid transporter ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) modulates AD pathogenesis, with ABCA1 antagonism increasing, and agonism decreasing, pathology [48–51].”
From Inhibition of ACAT as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease Is Independent of ApoE4 Lipidation (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, overexpressing ABCA1 increases the percentage of lipidated ApoE fractions and reduces A accumulation (Wahrle et al., 2008).”
From ApoE4 Alters ABCA1 Membrane Trafficking in Astrocytes (2019) · cites this paper as Wahrle et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, overexpression of ABCA1 led to a decrease in Aβ plaques (Fig. 2B) [43].”
From ApoE lipoproteins in the central nervous system under homeostasis and role in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This transporter is of prime interest in AD because its impact on brain cholesterol metabolism modulates the brain's amyloid burden.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In a mouse model, improved ApoE lipidation by the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette transporter family member A1 (ABCA1) decreased plaque deposition (Wahrle et al., 2005; Wahrle et al., 2008; Wahrle et al., 2004).”
From NHE6 depletion corrects ApoE4-mediated synaptic impairments and reduces amyloid plaque load (2021) · cites this paper as Wahrle et al., 2008
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Previous research has shown that the overexpression of ABCA1 ameliorated Aβ pathology in a mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis and that treatment with an LXR agonist was protective in a mouse model of tau-mediated neurodegeneration (65, 66).”
From Lipidome and proteome of astrocyte and microglia ApoE lipoprotein reveal differences based on cell type and ApoE isoform (2026) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Whereas overexpression of ABCA1 decreases the amyloid accumulation [14]”
In the citing paper
“whereas overexpression of the gene decreases amyloid deposition and improves the animals' behavior [14].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| +, n = 11 | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.13 | 0.73 ± 0.12 | 1.21 ± 0.11 |”
§ Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease > Statistics.
Reported 0.73 · recomputed 0.28
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–372 of 372
Roles of ABCA1 in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Gu, Y., Bi, X., Liu, X., Qian, Q., Wen, Y., Hua, S., Fu, Q., Zheng, Y., & Sun, S. (2025) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412555.2025.2493701 · Cited by 8
“In contrast, in AD mice, ABCA1 promotes ApoE lipidation in the CNS, which reduces Aβ deposition [153].”
The Expression and Function of ABC Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier
Zhang, W., Bamji‐Mirza, M., Chang, N., Haqqani, A. S., & Stanimirovic, D. B. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18606-8 · Cited by 5
Down syndrome, increased risk of dementia and lipid disturbances.
Kłosowska, A., Ćwiklińska, A., Kuchta, A., Berlińska, A., Jankowski, M., & Wierzba, J. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34763/devperiodmed.20172101.6973 · Cited by 5
“HDL is able to suppress amyloid production by decreasing cellular cholesterol via activation of reverse cholesterol transport mediated by ABC transporters [23].”
BackgroundDetoxification and age-related neurodegenerative diseases: Correlation and therapeutic potential
Yan, Y., Maisenbacher, M., Huang, C., & Fan, S. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107849 · Cited by 6
The LXR/RXR Approaches in Alzheimer’s Disease: Is the Blood-Bra in Barrier the Forgotten Partner?
Fenart, P. C. L. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Parkinsonism · doi:10.4172/2161-0460.1000e131 · Cited by 4
“Indeed, ABCA1 depletion in ADrelated mice models led to an increased deposition of Aβ peptides in brain [8-11] whereas its overexpression reduced the cerebral Aβ burden [12].”
BackgroundLipids modulates Tau and amyloid-β proteins in Alzheimer’s disease
Chinnathambi, S., Selvakumar, S., & Chandrashekar, M. (2024) · Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology · doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.08.005 · Cited by 4
Review Article APOE ε4: The most prevalent yet understudied risk factor for Alzheimer's disease
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Kuljiš, R. O. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-87995-6_16 · Cited by 4
Single‐cell digital twins identify drug targets and repurposable medicine in Alzheimer’s disease
Ren, Y., Hu, M., Li, Y. E., Pieper, A. A., Cummings, J. L., & Cheng, F. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz70859_102982 · Cited by 4
Shining a Light on Phenotypic Drug Discovery
Hsu, K. (2021) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.020 · Cited by 3
“A phenotypic screen was performed to identify enhancers of astrocytic apoE using human astrocytoma CCF-STTG1 as the model cell line because of its ability to spontaneously secrete lipidated apoE particles (Wahrle et al., 2008).”
Inhibition of Sirt2 Decreases ApoE Secretion in Astrocytes and Microglial Cells
Chen, Y., Zhou, C., Abdelhamid, M., Jung, C., & Michikawa, M. (2023) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvad054 · Cited by 4
Plasma Amyloid-β in Patients with Tangier Disease
Shahim, P., Bochem, A. E., Mattsson, N., Lautner, R., Blennow, K., Hovingh, G. K., Motazacker, M. M., & Zetterberg, H. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-122425 · Cited by 3
“Lipidpoor ApoE in TD is rapidly degraded [37], which could influence A homeostasis by leading to more unbound A that could self-aggregate into plaques.”
Moreno-Gázquez, I., Pérez-Palacios, R., Abengochea-Quílez, L., et al. (2023) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-023-06491-z · Cited by 3
Štefulj, J., Panzenboeck, U., Hof, P. R., & Šimić, G. (2013) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-013-0136-z · Cited by 3
The ABCA7 transporter, brain lipids and Alzheimer’s disease
Soscia, S. J., & Fitzgerald, M. L. (2013) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.12.91 · Cited by 3
Jasmin, S. B. (2011) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · doi:10.82308/52384 · Cited by 3
NHE6-Depletion Corrects ApoE4-Mediated Synaptic Impairments and Reduces Amyloid Plaque LoadPreprint
Pohlkamp, T., Xian, X., Wong, C. H. Y., Durakoglugil, M. S., Werthmann, G. C., Saido, T., Evers, B. M., White, C. L., Connor, J., Hammer, R. E., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436385 · Cited by 4
“In a mouse model, improved ApoE lipidation by the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette transporter family member A1 (ABCA1) decreased plaque deposition (Wahrle et al., 2005; Wahrle et al., 2008; Wahrle et al., 2004).”
BackgroundDwomoh, L., Rossi, M., Scarpa, M., Khajehali, E., Molloy, C., Herzyk, P., Mistry, S. N., Bottrill, A. R., Sexton, P. M., Christopoulos, A., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454298 · Cited by 3
Cholesterol Trafficking in the Brain
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Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins in Alzheimer's Disease
Matsubara, E. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/45977 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, when the generation of HDL-like lipoproteins in the AD mouse model is suppressed or overexpressed via the specific regulation of ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), Aβ deposition exhibits augmentation or reduction, respectively, which depends on the degree of ABCA1mediated lipidation of apoE in the CNS (24,…”
BackgroundFulmer, T. (2012) · Science-Business eXchange · doi:10.1038/scibx.2012.221 · Cited by 1
Wang, L., Qian, H., & Wang, L. (2018) · Journal of Biology and Life Science · doi:10.5296/jbls.v9i1.12474 · Cited by 1
Role of Impaired ABC Transporters in Alzheimer’s Disease
Haque, M., Rather, G. A., Siddiqui, E. M., Jahan, S., Khan, A., Makeen, H. A., Alexiou, A. T., & Ashraf, G. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4558-7_13 · Cited by 1
Identification and Functional Characterization of Genetic Risk Factors in Alzheimer´s Disease
Eckart, K. (2009) · Electronic Theses of LMU Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.10259 · Cited by 1
The Role of Apolipoprotein E Concentration and Isoform in Amyloid-beta Metabolism In Vivo
Castellano, J. M. (2011) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7416v3s
Brain sterol metabolism : modulating Alzheimer’s disease
Vanmierlo, T. (2010) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20100930tv
ABCA1, Tangier Disease, and Lipid Flopping
Zarubica, A., & Chimini, G. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118120118.ch17 · Cited by 1
Modulating Amyloid Beta Clearance by Altering Cellular and Whole Brain Apolipoprotein E Metabolism
Basak, J. M. (2014) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7dz06bk
“22 and overexpression, only ABCA1 overexpression caused a significant decrease in amyloid load in the mouse brain of APP transgenic animals (Wahrle et al., 2008).”
InfluentialNon‐amyloid Approaches To Alzheimer's Disease
Veng, L., Savage, M. J., Barrow, J. C., & Zerbinatti, C. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471266949.bmc253
HDL et maladies neurodégénératives
Kontush, A., & Chapman, M. J. (2009) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/s1957-2557(09)70103-8
AD Risk Gene Clears Amyloid Beta in Mouse Model
Talan, J. (2008) · Neurology Today · doi:10.1097/01.nt.0000333570.81361.8d
Lin, X. J., & Li, Y. (2013) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.643
ABCA1, Apoe and apoA-I As Potential Therapeutic Targets for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease
Namjoshi, D., Stukas, S. K., & Wellington, C. L. (2011) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.11.23
Self-citationLipidated APOE has effects on cognitive function that are independent of amyloid-β pathology
Corona, A. W., & Landreth, G. E. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv300
Review Article Insulin resistance and pathological brain ageing
Cholerton, B., Baker, L. D., & Craft, S. (2011)
Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutics Targeting Apolipoprotein E
Liao, F., & Holtzman, D. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802173-6.00010-1
Self-citationDorey, E. (2012) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-6258
Carter, A. B. (2017) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Wang, Y. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3bg2hr4j
Genetic manipulation of CNS cholesterol metabolism and its effects on cerebral β-amyloidosis
Winchenbach, J. (2019) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-7274
Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol metabolism and Alzheimer’s pathology
Pohlkamp, T. (2020) · e-Neuroforum · doi:10.1515/nf-2019-0030
“Overexpression of the primary ApoE lipidator, ABCA1, increased Aβ-clearance in an AD mouse model (Wahrle et al., 2008), suggesting ApoE lipidation as a potential drug target.”
BackgroundGenetic and functional studies of genes involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Natunen, T. (2014) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland)
Sun, J. Y., Teng, Z. P., Wang, C., Tian, M., Zhang, X., & Li, Y. (2013) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.1144
Noveir, S. D., Kerman, B. E., Xian, H., Meuret, C. J., Smadi, S., Martinez, A. E., Johansson, J., Zetterberg, H., Parks, B. A., Kuklenyik, Z., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20155656
Fredriksen, K., Joshi, S. S., Chang, A., & Li, L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694774
“Moreover, ABCA1 deletion exacerbates Aβ pathology in AD mouse models (Wahrle et al., 2005, 2008).”
Ren, Y., Hu, M., Yang, L., Pieper, A. A., Cummings, J. L., & Cheng, F. (2026) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.280436.125
Molecular mechanisms of action of MT-MMPs involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
García‐González, L. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a04672c0z1f4az472ezbcd5zbea446eac50c
Castelot, R. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c2a7ce1ez8caaz4593zbb3azae8add8055b5
Cholesterol metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic advances
Tu, D., Zheng, Y., Ding, P., Shen, M., Tang, W., Wei, B., & Wang, H. (2026) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-026-00951-3 · Cited by 1
“In PDAPP / ABCA1 -Transgenic mice (overexpressing ABCA1), cerebral Aβ deposition is significantly reduced, with a shift from amyloid plaques to non-fibrillar forms [48].”
郭, 可. (2026) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2026.1662290
Genetic Modifiers of ABCA1 Activity Interact with APOE Isoforms to Mediate Alzheimer's Disease Risk
Peña‐Tauber, A., Arriaza, R. H., Reil, D., Muntaner, M., Park, J. Y., Grenier‐Boley, B., Hulsman, M., Amouyel, P., Bellenguez, C., Charbonnier, C., et al. (2026) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.78303
“37,38 On the other hand, the AD risk effect of ApoE ε 4 relative to ε 2 and ε 3 may be partially redundant with ABCA1 activity loss.”
Strickland, M. R., & Holtzman, D. M. (2026) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-026-00970-0
Self-citationDonkin, J. J., Stukas, S., Hirsch-Reinshagen, V., Namjoshi, D., Wilkinson, A., May, S., Chan, J., Fan, J., Collins, J., & Wellington, C. L. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.108100 · Cited by 200
Self-citationLiver X receptor activation restores memory in aged AD mice without reducing amyloid
Vanmierlo, T., Rutten, K., Dederen, J., Bloks, V. W., van Vark-van der Zee, L. C., Kuipers, F., Kiliaan, A., Blokland, A., Sijbrands, E. J. G., Steinbusch, H., et al. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.07.005 · Cited by 154
Soluble apoE/Aβ complex: mechanism and therapeutic target for APOE4-induced AD risk
Tai, L. M., Mehra, S., Shete, V., Estus, S., Rebeck, G. W., Bu, G., & LaDu, M. J. (2014) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-9-2 · Cited by 116
“In vivo study of Tg mice using over-expression or knock-out of the ABC transporters has also provided important information on the functional effects of the lipidation state of CNS lipoproteins [79-82].”
ABCA1 influences neuroinflammation and neuronal death
Karasinska, J. M., de Haan, W., Franciosi, S., Ruddle, P., Fan, J., Kruit, J. K., Stukas, S., Lütjohann, D., Gutmann, D. H., Wellington, C. L., et al. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.018 · Cited by 104
Self-citationThe role of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in Alzheimer's disease and neurodegeneration
Koldamova, R., Fitz, N. F., & Lefterov, I. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.02.010 · Cited by 102
“Holtzman’s group further confirmed that the level of functional Abca1 has a significant modulatory effect on Aβ deposition [58].”
BackgroundGreasing the wheels of Aβ clearance in Alzheimer's Disease: The role of lipids and apolipoprotein E
Fan, J., Donkin, J., & Wellington, C. (2009) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.37 · Cited by 97
“Notably, the protective effects of excess ABCA1 are observed only on achieving a threshold of ABCA1 overexpression by six fold or greater in vivo [83,84].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhy lipids are important for Alzheimer disease?
Hirsch-Reinshagen, V., Burgess, B. L., & Wellington, C. L. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-008-0012-2 · Cited by 86
Self-citationJan, A., Karasinska, J. M., Kang, M. H., de Haan, W., Ruddle, P., Kaur, A., Connolly, C., Leavitt, B. R., Sorensen, P. H., & Hayden, M. R. (2015) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.007 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Wahrle, S. E., Jiang, H., Parsadanian, M., Kim, J., Li, A., Knoten, A., Jain, S., Hirsch-Reinshagen, V., Wellington, C. L., Bales, K. R., Paul, S. M., & Holtzman, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holtzman, David M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2008-01-17
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 671-82
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2200302
- OpenAlex
- W2165895874
- Semantic Scholar
- d3897f2ef12c640d78228188112f4cc8ebffe747
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 15.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Health Assistance Foundation
- Eli Lilly and Company
- National Institutes of Health (AG13956)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG013956, R37AG013956, AG13956)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK079333)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD047396, K08 HD047396)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- ABCA1, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta deposition, amyloid plaques, apolipoprotein E, amyloid precursor protein overexpression, transgenic mice, dentate gyrus, cerebrospinal fluid, astrocytes, APOE genotype, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Astrocytes, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Disease Models, Animal, Lipoproteins, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Amyloid beta-Peptides, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Mice, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-17, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-17 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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