Cited by 168Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

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IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells

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Wajner, Simone Magagnin, Goemann, Iuri Martin, Bueno, Ana Laura, Larsen, P. Reed, Maia, Ana Luiza·2011·Journal of Clinical Investigation

DOI 10.1172/jci44678PMC PMC3083773

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Abstract

Nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is a state of low serum 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T₃) that occurs in chronically ill patients; the degree of reduction in T₃ is associated with overall prognosis and survival. Iodthyronine deiodinases are enzymes that catalyze iodine removal from thyroid hormones; type I and II deiodinase (D1 and D2, respectively) convert the prohormone thyroxine T₄ to active T₃, whereas the type III enzyme (D3) inactivates T₄ and T₃. Increased production of cytokines, including IL-6, is a hallmark of the acute phase of NTIS, but the role of cytokines in altered thyroid hormone metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we measured the effect of IL-6 on both endogenous cofactor-mediated and dithiothreitol-stimulated (DTT-stimulated) cell sonicate deiodinase activities in human cell lines. Active T₃ generation by D1 and D2 in intact cells was suppressed by IL-6, despite an increase in sonicate deiodinases (and mRNAs). N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant that restores intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentrations, prevented the IL-6-induced inhibitory effect on D1- and D2-mediated T₃ production, which suggests that IL-6 might function by depleting an intracellular thiol cofactor, perhaps GSH. In contrast, IL-6 stimulated endogenous D3-mediated inactivation of T₃. Taken together, these results identify a single pathway by which IL-6-induced oxidative stress can reduce D1- and D2-mediated T₄-to-T₃ conversion as well as increasing D3-mediated T₃ (and T₄) inactivation, thus mimicking events during illness.

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“First Published Online July 26, 2011 Abbreviations: AP-1, Activator protein-1; D1, deiodinase type 1; D2, deiodinase type 2; D3, deiodinase type 3; D3KO, D3 knockout; GHRP, GH-releasing peptide; GSH, glutathione; HIF, hypoxia inducible factor; HPT, hypothalamus pituitary thyroid; ICU, intensive care unit; IFN, infundi…”
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Geven, E. J. W., & Klaren, P. H. M. (2016) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.025 · Cited by 214
“In mammalian thyrocytes, IL-6 exerts roughly the same repertoire of inhibitory effects as TNFa and IL-1b: inhibition of TPO gene expression (Tominaga et al., 1991), and inhibition of basal and TSHinduced 50-deiodination (Hashimoto et al., 1995; Wajner et al., 2011).”
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Authors: Wajner, S. M., Goemann, I. M., Bueno, A. L., Larsen, P. R., & Maia, A. L.
Affiliations: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Maia, Ana Luiza
ORCID: Wajner, Simone Magagnin
Goemann, Iuri Martin
Bueno, Ana Laura
Maia, Ana Luiza
Venue: Journal of Clinical Investigation
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published: 2011-05-02
Volume: 121
Issue: 5
Pages: 1834-1845
ISSN: 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1172/jci44678
PMC: PMC3083773
OpenAlex: W2114397821
Cited by: 168
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 5.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Dartmouth College
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas
National Institutes of Health
Fogarty International Center (R03TW007559, TW007559)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK36256, R01DK036256)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: low T3 syndrome, interleukin-6, thyroid hormone metabolism, deiodinases, type I deiodinase, type 2 deiodinase, type III deiodinase, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, oxidative stress, glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, cytokines, thyroid hormone inactivation
MeSH terms: Acetylcysteine, Cell Line, Dithiothreitol, Glutathione, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroxine, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Cell Line, Tumor

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IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells

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