Non-Thyroidal Illness in the ICU: A Syndrome with Different Faces
Open accessAbstract
Background: Critically ill patients typically present with low or low-normal plasma thyroxine, low plasma triiodothyronine (T3), increased plasma reverse T3 (rT3) concentrations, in the absence of a rise in thyrotropin (TSH). This constellation is referred to as nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTI). Although it is long known that the severity of NTI is associated with risk of poor outcomes of critical illness, the causality in this association has not been well investigated. Summary: In this narrative review, the different faces of NTI during critical illness are highlighted. Acute alterations are dominated by changes in thyroid hormone binding, peripheral thyroid hormone uptake, and alterations in the expression and activity of the type-1 and type-3 deiodinases. It was recently shown that at least part of these acute changes are brought about by concomitant macronutrient restriction, and this part appears adaptive and beneficial. However, the face of the NTI in the prolonged phase of critical illness is different, when patients are fully fed but continue to depend on intensive medical care. In that prolonged phase of illness, hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) expression is suppressed and explains reduced TSH secretion and whereby reduced thyroidal hormone release. During prolonged critical illness, and in the presence of adequate nutrition, several tissue responses could be interpreted as compensatory to low thyroid hormone availability, such as increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters, upregulation of type-2 deiodinase activity, and increased sensitivity at the receptor level. Infusing hypothalamic releasing factors in these prolonged critically ill patients can reactivate the thyroid axis and induce an anabolic response. Conclusions: It is clear that the name “NTI” during critical illness refers to a syndrome with different faces. Tolerating the early “fasting response” to critical illness and its concomitant changes in thyroid hormone parameters appears to be wise and beneficial. This thus applies to the NTI present in the majority of the patients treated in intensive care units. However, the NTI that occurs in prolonged critically ill patients appears different with regard to both its causes and consequences. Future studies should specifically target this selected population of prolonged critically ill patients, and, after excluding iatrogic drug interferences, investigate the effect on outcome of treatment with hypothalamic releasing factors in adequately powered randomized controlled trials.
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These responses include increased tissue expression of monocarboxylate transporters, upregulation of type-2 deiodinase activity, and increased sensitivity at the receptor level.
“These responses include increased tissue expression of monocarboxylate transporters, upregulation of type-2 deiodinase activity, and increased sensitivity at the receptor level [87].”
From An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
Many experimental and clinical studies point to a biphasic neuroendocrine pattern in critical illness.
“Many experimental and clinical studies pointed to a biphasic neuroendocrine pattern in critical illness as conceptualized by dr Van den Berghe and colleagues (see reviews [87, 94]).”
From An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
During prolonged critical illness, several tissue responses reported from both animal and human studies could be interpreted as compensatory to low thyroid hormone availability.
“During prolonged critical illness, several tissue responses reported from both animal and human studies could be interpreted as compensatory to low thyroid hormone availability.”
From An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
In NTI syndrome and other constellations of thyroid allostasis, TSH measurement fails as a diagnostic test because the TSH set point is non-fixed.
“In extremis, the notion of a non-fixed TSH set point is typified in the NTI syndrome and other constellations of thyroid allostasis where TSH measurement fails as a diagnostic test for that reason (117).”
From Homeostatic control of the thyroid-pituitary axis: perspectives for diagnosis and treatment (2015) · cites this paper as [117]
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Laboratory Testing in Thyroid Conditions - Pitfalls and Clinical Utility
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Impact of COVID-19 on the Endocrine System: A Mini-review
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Potential Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 and Thyroid: A Review
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On the Neuroendocrinopathy of Critical Illness. Perspectives for Feeding and Novel Treatments
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Reference intervals in the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction: treating patients not numbers
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Thyroid Function Abnormalities in COVID-19 Patients
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The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19
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SARS-COV-2-related immune-inflammatory thyroid disorders: facts and perspectives
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Clinical and laboratory aspects of 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (reverse T3)
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- Authors
- Van den Berghe, G.
- Affiliations
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine
- Venue
- Thyroid®
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1456-1465
- ISSN
- 1050-7256 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9077
- PMC
- PMC4195234
- OpenAlex
- W2110625788
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 2.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Thyroid (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- low T3 syndrome, critical illness, thyroid hormone binding, reverse T3, deiodinases, type 2 deiodinase, thyroid hormone uptake, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, monocarboxylate transporters, prolonged critical illness, intensive care unit patients
- MeSH terms
- Euthyroid Sick Syndromes, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Nutritional Status, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Physiological, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormones, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Critical Illness
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