Cited by 148Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular DiseasesPhagocytosis and Immune RegulationCholesterol and Lipid Metabolism

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B regulates efferocytosis and atherosclerosis

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Kojima, Yoko, Downing, Kelly, Kundu, Ramendra, Miller, Clint, Dewey, Frederick, Lancero, Hope, Raaz, Uwe, Perisic, Ljubica +5 more·2014·Journal of Clinical Investigation

Abstract

Genetic variation at the chromosome 9p21 risk locus promotes cardiovascular disease; however, it is unclear how or which proteins encoded at this locus contribute to disease.We have previously demonstrated that loss of one candidate gene at this locus, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (Cdkn2b), in mice promotes vascular SMC apoptosis and aneurysm progression.Here, we investigated the role of Cdnk2b in atherogenesis and found that in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, deletion of Cdnk2b promoted advanced development of atherosclerotic plaques composed of large necrotic cores.Furthermore, human carriers of the 9p21 risk allele had reduced expression of CDKN2B in atherosclerotic plaques, which was associated with impaired expression of calreticulin, a ligand required for activation of engulfment receptors on phagocytic cells.As a result of decreased calreticulin, CDKN2B-deficient apoptotic bodies were resistant to efferocytosis and not efficiently cleared by neighboring macrophages.These uncleared SMCs elicited a series of proatherogenic juxtacrine responses associated with increased foam cell formation and inflammatory cytokine elaboration.The addition of exogenous calreticulin reversed defects associated with loss of Cdkn2b and normalized engulfment of Cdkn2bdeficient cells.Together, these data suggest that loss of CDKN2B promotes atherosclerosis by increasing the size and complexity of the lipid-laden necrotic core through impaired efferocytosis. Results Cdkn2b regulates atherosclerotic lesion size and features of plaque vulnerability in vivo.To study the effect of Cdkn2b on atherosclerosis in vivo, we evaluated a total of 114 male and female Cdkn2b -/-,ApoE -/-, Cdkn2b +/-,ApoE -/-, and Cdkn2b +/+ ,ApoE -/-mice that had been fed a high-fat Western diet for 4, 8, or 12 weeks.Total atherosclerotic burden was increased in male Cdkn2b -/-,ApoE -/-animals as soon as 8 weeks after initiating the high-fat diet, as measured by the Authorship note: Tom Quertermous and Nicholas J. Leeper contributed equally to this work.

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  • Atherosclerotic plaques from patients carrying a 9p21 locus variant including CDKN2B, a variant associated with human atherosclerosis, have lower calreticulin than plaques from non-carriers.

    “Interestingly, atherosclerotic plaques from patients carrying a genetic variation at the 9p21 locus (which includes the CDKN2B gene), which has been associated with atherosclerosis in humans204,205, have reduced levels of calreticulin compared with atherosclerotic plaques from non-carriers203, further supporting a role for defective efferocytosis in cardiovascular disease206.”
  • Apoe−/− mice with Cdkn2b deletion had lower calreticulin than control Apoe−/− mice, and Cdkn2b−/−Apoe−/− mice on a Western diet had larger plaques and necrotic cores than controls, attributed to intralesional apoptotic cells resisting phagocytosis.

    “For example, Apoe−/− mice with deletion of Cdkn2b had lower levels of calreticulin than control Apoe−/− mice, and Cdkn2b−/−Apoe−/− mice fed a Western diet had increased plaque size and larger necrotic core area than control Apoe−/− mice, which was attributed to intralesional apoptotic cells being resistant to phagocytosis203.”
  • CDKN2B-deficient apoptotic cells show decreased expression of calreticulin.

    “cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B)-deficient apoptotic cells show decreased expression of calreticulin [149]”
  • Apoptotic cells without CDKN2B impair macrophage efferocytosis and result in development of advanced atherosclerotic plaques with large necrotic cores.

    “Thus, apoptotic cells without CDKN2B impair macrophages efferocytosis and result in the development of advanced atherosclerotic plaques with large necrotic cores.”
  • Supplementation with exogenous calreticulin restores clearance of CDKN2B-deficient apoptotic cells by macrophages.

    “Moreover, supplementation with exogenous calreticulin restores the clearance of CDKN2B-deficient apoptotic cells by macrophages [149].”

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  1. Yip AM, Horvath S. Gene network interconnected- ness and the generalized topological overlap mea- sure. BMC Bioinformatics. 2007;8:22.

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Authors
Kojima, Y., Downing, K., Kundu, R., Miller, C., Dewey, F., Lancero, H., Raaz, U., Perisic, L., Hedin, U., Schadt, E., Maegdefessel, L., Quertermous, T., & Leeper, N. J.
Affiliations
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Corresponding author
Leeper, Nicholas J.
Venue
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Published
2014-02-17
Volume
124
Issue
3
Pages
1083-1097
ISSN
0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2110153407
Cited by
148
References
82
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4
FWCI
6.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • American Heart Association (10BGIA3290011)
  • Gilead Sciences
  • Fondation Leducq
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL103635, K08HL103605, R01HL109512, T32HL007544, T32HL098049, T32HL094274)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Keywords
CDKN2B, atherosclerosis, efferocytosis, calreticulin, engulfment receptor, macrophage phagocytosis, apoptotic bodies, necrotic core, foam cell formation, vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, plaque vulnerability, juxtacrine signaling, inflammatory cytokines, ApoE-deficient mice
MeSH terms
Animals, Carotid Arteries, Cells, Cultured, Coronary Vessels, Female, Humans, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Necrosis, Phagocytosis, Down-Regulation, Gene Expression, Retinoblastoma Protein, Apoptosis, Mice, Knockout, Coculture Techniques, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle, Calreticulin, Quantitative Trait Loci, Atherosclerosis, E2F4 Transcription Factor, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15, Mice, Plaque, Atherosclerotic

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