Cited by 268Gut microbiota and healthPharmacogenetics and Drug MetabolismDrug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms

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Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics

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Carmody, Rachel N., Turnbaugh, Peter J.·2014·Journal of Clinical Investigation

DOI 10.1172/jci72335PMC PMC4191041

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Abstract

Our associated microbial communities play a critical role in human health and predisposition to disease, but the degree to which they also shape therapeutic interventions is not well understood. Here, we integrate results from classic and current studies of the direct and indirect impacts of the gut microbiome on the metabolism of therapeutic drugs and diet-derived bioactive compounds. We pay particular attention to microbial influences on host responses to xenobiotics, adding to the growing consensus that treatment outcomes reflect our intimate partnership with the microbial world, and providing an initial framework from which to consider a more comprehensive view of pharmacology and nutrition.

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Immunomodulatory interplay of the microbiome and therapy of rheumatic diseases
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“The gut microbiota is known to directly metabolize dietary compounds and xenobiotics, including cancer drugs, through a variety of mechanisms that humans lack (48).”
Background
Synergism of Diet, Genetics, and Microbiome on Health
Das, P., Banka, R., Ghosh, J., Singh, K., Choudhury, S. R., & Koner, S. (2024) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5528-2.ch006 · Cited by 11
Analysis of Interactions between Endobiotics and Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Bath Fermentation Systems
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Endocrine Disruption and the Gut Microbiome
Acharya, K. D., Parakoyi, A. E. R., & Tetel, M. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821985-0.00015-3 · Cited by 11
“These enzymes modify the actions or route of transport of hormones and hormonelike EDCs by conjugating them to form polar products to be excreted via bile or urine [91].”
Background
Can manipulation of gut microbiota really be transformed into an intervention strategy for cardiovascular disease management?
Mehmood, K., Moin, A., Hussain, T., Rizvi, S. M. D., Gowda, D., Shakil, S., & Kamal, M. (2021) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/s12223-021-00926-5 · Cited by 11
“It has been established that the metabolism of natural compounds and several food components is affected by microbiome; hence, microbiome interaction with drugs may affect the disease response (Carmody and Turnbaugh 2014).”
Background
The microbiome, its molecular mechanisms and its potential as a therapeutic strategy against colorectal carcinogenesis (Review)
Baliou, S., Adamaki, M., Spandidos, D. A., Kyriakopoulos, A. M., Christodoulou, I., & Zoumpourlis, V. C. (2018) · World Academy of Sciences Journal · doi:10.3892/wasj.2018.6 · Cited by 11
Mechanistic elucidation of amphetamine metabolism by tyramine oxidase from human gut microbiota using molecular dynamics simulations
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“In addition to the impact of gut microbial diversity or dysbiosis in various human diseases, there is an increasing amount of evidence which shows that the gut microbes can affect the bioavailability and efficacy of various orally administrated drug molecules through promiscuous enzymatic metabolism.(13,14)”
Background
The microbiome: A heritable contributor to bone morphology?
Hernandez, C. J., & Moeller, A. H. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.022 · Cited by 9
Nature and nurture: Environmental toxins and biliary atresia
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“Importantly, it is well established that the gut microbiome can directly biotransform molecules.((7)) Therefore, the microbiome, which can be highly variable between individuals, can directly modulate xenobiotic-induced toxicity.”
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Metabolic protection by the dietary flavonoid 7,8-dihydroxyflavone requires an intact gut microbiome
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The Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer
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Cellular Stress Responses and Monitored Cellular Activities
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The Genetic Basis for the Cooperative Bioactivation of Plant Lignans by a Human Gut Bacterial ConsortiumPreprint
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“reach distant tissues following their absorption into general circulation (1-3).”
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Current Aspects of Selected Factors to Modulate Brain Health and Sports Performance in Athletes
Przewłócka, K., Korewo-Labelle, D., Berezka, P., Karnia, M. J., & Kaczor, J. J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16121842 · Cited by 9
“Through metabolic interactions with the intestinal microbiota, polyphenols, as bioactive phenolic metabolites, exhibit many health-related properties, including anti-inﬂammatory and antioxidant effects [144,145].”
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Alteration of oral microbiome composition in children living with pesticide-exposed farm workers
Stanaway, I. B., Wallace, J. C., Hong, S., Wilder, C. S., Green, F. H., Tsai, J. M., Knight, M., Workman, T. W., Vigoren, E. M., Smith, M. N., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114090 · Cited by 6
Transformative Forces: The Role of Gut Microbiota in Processing Environmental Pollutants
Lv, M., Liu, Y., Wang, M., Song, X., Hu, Y., Gao, J., Chen, L., Liu, A., Liu, J., Liu, R., et al. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c01928 · Cited by 8
Treatment of Hyperammonemia by Transplanting a Symbiotic Pair of Intestinal Microbes
Liu, J., Zhai, C., Rho, J., Lee, S.-B., Heo, H. J., Kim, S. W., Kim, H., & Hong, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.696044 · Cited by 6
“The human gut microbiota is a massive and complex microbial community consisting of 100 trillion microbes in the intestine, contributing significantly to human traits as much as our genes, especially in the case of atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, GI tra…”
Background
Methods and criteria for validating the multimodal functions of perinatal derivatives when used in oncological and antimicrobial applications
Silini, A. R., Ramuta, T. Ž., Pires, A. S., Banerjee, A., Dubus, M., Gindraux, F., Kerdjoudj, H., Mačiulaitis, J., Weidinger, A., Wolbank, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.958669 · Cited by 6
“pharmacokinetics, antitumor activity and drug toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents by 1) changing the chemical structure of the drug (biotransformation) (Haiser and Turnbaugh 2012; Wilson and Nicholson 2017), 2) decreasing the absorption of certain drugs (Carmody and Turnbaugh 2014), or even indirectly by 3) affecting…”
Background
Human microbiome studies in Korea
Choi, S.-M., Cho, S., & Yi, H. (2016) · Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease · doi:10.4168/aard.2016.4.5.311 · Cited by 6
“체내에 유입된 약물이나 발암 물질로부터 인간을 보호하는 기능 이 있다.(23,24) 장내 마이크로바이옴에 의한 탈수산화, 탈카르복실화,”
Benefits of Probiotics—Biodetoxification
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Novel Approaches in Establishing Chemical Food Safety Based on the Detoxification Capacity of Probiotics and Postbiotics: A Critical Review
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Zingiberaceae wonders: the antioxidant powerhouse for optimal health
Boyina, H. K., Chakraborty, S., Atrooz, O. M., Adamska, O., Sanka, K., Atanasov, A. G., Stolarczyk, A., Chellammal, H. S. J., Arora, V., Gangarapu, K., et al. (2025) · Animal Science Papers and Reports · doi:10.2478/aspr-2025-0001 · Cited by 7
Forging the microbiome to help us live long and prosper
Rock, R. R., & Turnbaugh, P. J. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002087 · Cited by 5
“This area of study will benefit from the already extensive literature focused on the role of the gut microbiome in nutrition [48].”
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The Microbiome: Genesis and Functions
Appanna, V. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7684-8_2 · Cited by 5
The Upper Digestive Tract Microbiome and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Implications in Africa
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Consensus Prediction of Human Gut Microbiota-Mediated Metabolism Susceptibility for Small Molecules by Machine Learning, Structural Alerts, and Dietary Compounds-Based Average Similarity Methods
Zheng, S., Wang, L., Xiong, J., Liang, G., Xu, Y., & Fu, L. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00948 · Cited by 5
C. elegans and its bacterial diet: An interspecies model to explore the effects of microbiota on drug response
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CHEMINFORMATICS TOOLS FOR ENABLING METABOLOMICS
Djoumbou-Feunang, Y. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3vd6pj8b · Cited by 5
Impact of Polyphenol-Rich Chocolate on Microbial Diversity and Human Health: A Comprehensive Review
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Modulating drug response through the gut microbiome: pathways to precision therapy
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“Various categories of pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements have been documented to modify the gut microbial makeup in ways that are considered harmful to wellbeing (Carmody and Turnbaugh et al. 2014).”
Exploring Gut Microbiome Variations between Popillia japonica Populations of Azores
Frías, J., Garriga, A., Peñalver, Á., Teixeira, M. B., Beltrí, R., Toubarro, D., & Simões, N. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11081972 · Cited by 4
“Additionally, relevant genes and proteins were enriched in larvae from the HD site, such as genes coding for cytochrome P450 and for mitochondrial biogenesis, cytokine receptor, and membrane trafficking proteins.”
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Recent Progress on Strategies and Applications of Imaging for Intestinal Microflora
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Insights into the role of gut microbiota modulation in the management of various cardiovascular diseases: A new approach for improving the efficacy of current cardiovascular medications
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“Conversion of a prodrug to the active compound, inactivation, detoxification, change of efficacy and direct binding to xenobiotics or dietary molecules are examples of direct interferences [11,21].”
Background

Authors: Carmody, R. N., & Turnbaugh, P. J.
Corresponding author: Turnbaugh, Peter J.
ORCID: Carmody, Rachel N.
Turnbaugh, Peter J.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Investigation
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published: 2014-08-08
Volume: 124
Issue: 10
Pages: 4173-4181
ISSN: 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1172/jci72335
PMC: PMC4191041
OpenAlex: W1964115194
Cited by: 268
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 1.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Harvard University
National Institutes of Health
FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM068763)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (F32DK101154)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Keywords: host-microbe interactions, gut microbiota, xenobiotic metabolism, drug metabolism, therapeutic drugs, personalized medicine
MeSH terms: Animals, Binding Sites, Diet, Humans, Intestines, Mice, Transgenic, Protein Binding, Xenobiotics, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice, Microbial Interactions, Microbiota

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Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics

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