Cited by 1,295Liver physiology and pathologyLiver Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentLiver Diseases and Immunity

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 157 of the 158 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Liver inflammation and fibrosis

Open access

Koyama, Yukinori, Brenner, David A.·2017·Journal of Clinical Investigation

DOI 10.1172/jci88881PMC PMC5199698

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Chronic liver inflammation leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis, which is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States. Hepatocyte steatosis is a component of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Hepatic steatosis may be benign or progress to hepatocyte injury and the initiation of inflammation, which activates immune cells. While Kupffer cells are the resident macrophage in the liver, inflammatory cells such as infiltrating macrophages, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and DCs all contribute to liver inflammation. The inflammatory cells activate hepatic stellate cells, which are the major source of myofibroblasts in the liver. Here we review the initiation of inflammation in the liver, the liver inflammatory cells, and their crosstalk with myofibroblasts.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1172/jci88881

Cites

157 of 157 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444
Heat Shock Protein A12B Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells Against Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice
Chen, Y., Wang, L., Kang, Q., Zhang, X., Yu, G., Wan, X., Wang, J., & Zhu, K. (2017) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000477308 · Cited by 10,730
Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation
Mosser, D. M., & Edwards, J. P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2448 · Cited by 9,144
A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins
Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07540 · Cited by 7,823
Neutrophil Emigration in the Skin, Lungs, and Peritoneum: Different Requirements for CD11/CD18 Revealed by CD18-deficient Mice
Mizgerd, J. P., Kubo, H., Kutkoski, G. J., Bhagwan, S. D., Scharffetter-Kochanek, K., Beaudet, A. L., & Doerschuk, C. M. (1997) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.186.8.1357 · Cited by 7,332
A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
Qin, J., Li, Y., Cai, Z., Li, S., Zhu, J., Zhang, F., Liang, S., Zhang, W., Guan, Y., Shen, D., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11450 · Cited by 6,762
Liver fibrosis
Bataller, R., & Brenner, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci24282 · Cited by 4,958
Self-citation
Development of Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
Geissmann, F., Manz, M. G., Jung, S., Sieweke, M. H., Merad, M., & Ley, K. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1178331 · Cited by 3,049
Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome
Vrieze, A., Van Nood, E., Holleman, F., Salojärvi, J., Kootte, R. S., Bartelsman, J. F. W. M., Dallinga–Thie, G. M., Ackermans, M. T., Serlie, M. J., Oozeer, R., et al. (2012) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031 · Cited by 2,913
A Lineage of Myeloid Cells Independent of Myb and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Chorro, L., Szabo-Rogers, H., Cagnard, N., Kierdorf, K., Prinz, M., Wu, B., Jacobsen, S. E. W., Pollard, J. W., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1219179 · Cited by 2,578

Show all 158 references

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,000

Fluid Shear Stress-Induced Exosomes from Liver Cancer Cells Promote Activation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts via IGF2-PI3K Axis
Feng, T., Fang, F., Zhang, C., Li, T., He, J., Shen, Y., Yu, H., & Liu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2703104 · Cited by 26
“In the liver and pancreas, the static stellate cells activation is the main source of CAFs [6].”
Background
Photoacoustic Imaging for Assessing Tissue Oxygenation Changes in Rat Hepatic Fibrosis
Karmacharya, M. B., Sultan, L. R., Kirkham, B. M., Brice, A. K., Wood, A. K. W., & Sehgal, C. M. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10090705 · Cited by 26
“Chronic liver inflammation leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis is a major cause of mortality, accounting for 32,000 deaths in the USA alone and more than one million deaths each year worldwide [1].”
Background
Myocardin and myocardin-related transcription factor-A synergistically mediate actin cytoskeletal-dependent inhibition of liver fibrogenesis
Shi, Z., Ren, M., & Rockey, D. C. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00302.2019 · Cited by 27
Interorgan communication with the liver: novel mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Zhao, J., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Yu, J., Chen, Z., Niu, Y., Ran, S., Wang, S., Ye, W., Luo, Z., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1314123 · Cited by 31
Progress of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) & MSC-Exosomes combined with drugs intervention in liver fibrosis
Xu, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, X., Jin, Y., Zhou, L., & Ye, J. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116848 · Cited by 25
Dopamine receptor D2 inhibition alleviates diabetic hepatic stellate cells fibrosis by regulating the TGF‐β1/Smads and NFκB pathways
Zhao, B., Li, S., Guo, Z., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., Xu, C., Chen, J., & Wei, C. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13437 · Cited by 25
Novel Immune Subsets and Related Cytokines: Emerging Players in the Progression of Liver Fibrosis
Wan, M., Han, J., Ding, L., Hu, F., & Gao, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.604894 · Cited by 27
“T cells andmacrophages constitute the core of liver fibrosis pathogenesis with macrophage-derived transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 known to be the strongest activator of HSCs (6).”
Background
Expression and Function of BMP and Activin Membrane-Bound Inhibitor (BAMBI) in Chronic Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Weber, F., Treeck, O., Mester, P., & Buechler, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043473 · Cited by 25
“Persistent inflammation is an important trigger for fibrosis [62,63].”
Background
Absence of Either Ripk3 or Mlkl Reduces Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Independent of Liver Fibrosis
Mohammed, S., Thadathil, N., Tran, A. L., Veldt, M. V. D., Georgescu, C., Nair, H. H., Oh, S., Oh, S., Nicklas, E. H., Wang, D., et al. (2023) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0820 · Cited by 26
The double‐edged role of neutrophil heterogeneity in inflammatory diseases and cancers
Zhou, W., Cao, X., Xu, Q., Qu, J., & Sun, Y. (2023) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.325 · Cited by 25
Peripheral and central macrophages in obesity
Mukherjee, S., Skrede, S., Haugstøyl, M. E., López, M., & Fernø, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1232171 · Cited by 27
“Several types of tissue resident immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells) have been reported to be associated with liver inflammation (76).”
Background
Allomyrina dichotoma Larva Extract Ameliorates the Hepatic Insulin Resistance of High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Mice
Kim, K., Bae, G. D., Lee, M., Park, E., Baek, D. J., Kim, C. Y., Jun, H., & Oh, Y. S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071522 · Cited by 26
“The abnormal metabolism of FFAs and their derivatives is the main cause of intracellular lipotoxic injury [35] and the injured steatotic hepatocyte induces inflammation and fibrosis [36].”
Background
Bile Acids and Biliary Fibrosis
Aseem, S. O., Hylemon, P. B., & Zhou, H. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12050792 · Cited by 28
“The proand anti-inflammatory cytokine production through different immune cell populations may have a role in propagating or ameliorating biliary fibrosis [59,60].”
Background
Present and Future Perspectives in the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis
Cerrito, L., Galasso, L., Iaccarino, J., Pizzi, A., Termite, F., Esposto, G., Borriello, R., Ainora, M. E., Gasbarrini, A., & Zocco, M. A. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18091321 · Cited by 29
“Over time, fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), making it a key determinant of chronic liver disease outcomes [2–6].”
Hepatocyte cannabinoid 1 receptor nullification alleviates toxin-induced liver damage via NF-κB signaling
Kim, Y., Gautam, S., Aseer, K. R., Kim, J., Chandrasekaran, P., Mazucanti, C. H., Ghosh, P., O’Connell, J. F., Doyle, M. E., Appleton, A., et al. (2020) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-020-03261-8 · Cited by 24
Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease with Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells and CD133+ Expanded Cells: A Comparative Preclinical Analysis
Miyasaki, D. M., Senegaglia, A. C., de Moura, S. A. B., Leitolis, A., Capriglione, L. G. A., Fracaro, L., Leite, L. M. B., Utumi, P. H., Fragoso, F. Y. I., Meyer, F., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052521 · Cited by 24
“They also play a role in hepatic fibrosis and renal fibrosis [62,63].”
Background
Anti-Fibrotic Efficacy of Apigenin in a Mice Model of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis by Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrogenesis: A Preclinical Study
Melaibari, M., Alkreathy, H. M., Esmat, A., Rajeh, N. A., Shaik, R. A., Alghamdi, A. A., & Ahmad, A. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11051342 · Cited by 24
“Nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines are produced by monocytes and macrophages, which play a role in inflammation [59,60].”
Background
Human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells derived-exosomes enriched by miR-124 promote an anti-fibrotic response in an experimental model of liver fibrosis
Niknam, B., Baghaei, K., Hashemi, S. M., Hatami, B., Zali, M. R., & Amani, D. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110294 · Cited by 26
Molecular imaging of extracellular matrix proteins with targeted probes using magnetic resonance imaging
Salarian, M., Ibhagui, O. Y., & Yang, J. J. (2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.1622 · Cited by 24
Ochratoxin A induces glomerular injury through activating the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway
Le, G., Yuan, X., Hou, L., Ge, L., Liu, S., Muhmood, A., Liu, K., Lin, Z., Liu, D., Gan, F., et al. (2020) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111516 · Cited by 24
Adipose tissue-derived mediators of systemic inflammation and metabolic control
Alexaki, V. I. (2024) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2024.100560 · Cited by 29
Stevioside inhibits experimental fibrosis by down‐regulating profibrotic Smad pathways and blocking hepatic stellate cell activation
Casas‐Grajales, S., Alvarez-Suarez, D. E., Ramos‐Tovar, E., Buendía‐Montaño, L. D., Reyes‐Gordillo, K., Camacho, J., Tsutsumi, V., Lakshman, M., & Muriel, P. (2018) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.13194 · Cited by 23
“In addition, it is well known that TGF‐β1 is a strong inducer of the transdifferentiation of HSCs to produce an excessive accumulation of ECM proteins.(23,24) Interestingly, our results suggest that the antifibrotic effects of SVT are due, at least in part, by down‐regulating TGF‐β1, leading to the consequent inactiva…”
Background
Spirulina supplementation in a mouse model of diet-induced liver fibrosis reduced the pro-inflammatory response of splenocytes
Pham, T. X., Lee, Y., Bae, M., Hu, S., Kang, H., Kim, M., Park, Y., & Lee, J. (2019) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114519000126 · Cited by 23
“In contrast, in NAFLD, chronic inflammation leads to a dysregulated wound healing response, resulting in excessive ECM accumulation in the liver, that is, liver fibrosis((10)).”
Background
Dihydroartemisinin attenuates alcoholic fatty liver through regulation of lipin‐1 signaling
Chen, X., Bian, M., Jin, H., Lian, N., Shao, J., Zhang, F., & Zheng, S. (2019) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.2113 · Cited by 23
Fragile X mental retardation protein protects against tumour necrosis factor-mediated cell death and liver injury
Zhuang, Y., Xu, H. C., Shinde, P. V., Warfsmann, J., Vasiļevska, J., Sundaram, B., Behnke, K., Huang, J., Hoell, J. I., Borkhardt, A., et al. (2019) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318215 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
MicroRNA-124 inhibits hepatic stellate cells inflammatory cytokines secretion by targeting IQGAP1 through NF-κB pathway
Yang, J., Xu, C., Wu, M., Wu, Y., Jia, X., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Ge, S., Li, Z., & Zhang, L. (2021) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107520 · Cited by 23
Association of cell death mechanisms and fibrosis in visceral white adipose tissue with pathological alterations in the liver of morbidly obese patients with NAFLD
Leven, A., Gieseler, R. K. H., Schlattjan, M., Schreiter, T., Niedergethmann, M., Baars, T., Baba, H. A., Özcürümez, M. K., Sowa, J., & Canbay, A. E. (2021) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2021.1982164 · Cited by 23
“In mouse models of NAFLD and NASH, the expression of HMGB1 had always been found to be consistently upregulated in hepatocytes [55].”
Background
Carboxymethyl chitosan prolongs adenovirus‐mediated expression of IL ‐10 and ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in a mouse model
Gou, Y., Weng, Y., Chen, Q., Wu, J., Wang, H., Zhong, J., Bi, Y., Cao, D., Zhao, P., Dong, X., et al. (2022) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.10306 · Cited by 22
“While the exact mechanism remains to be fully understood, liver fibrosis is considered as a fibrotic healing response against a chronic injury or insult to the liver.(55,56) Here, we sought to establish an experimental hepatic fibrosis mouse model by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).”
Background
Heat-Killed Enterococcus faecalis Inhibit FL83B Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and High Fat Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Damage in Rats by Activating Lipolysis through the Regulation the AMPK Signaling Pathway
Lee, J.-H., Woo, K.-J., Hong, J., Han, K.-I., Kim, H. S., & Kim, T. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054486 · Cited by 24
“Decomposed free fatty acids stimulate macrophages in the liver to cause an inflammatory reaction and activated macrophages release inflammatory mediators to induce insulin resistance in liver cells [30,31].”
Background
Overexpression of Interleukin-8 Promotes the Progression of Fatty Liver to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice
Cho, Y. E., Kim, Y. S., Kim, S.-J., Lee, H., & Hwang, S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015489 · Cited by 24
Growth differentiation factor 15: Emerging role in liver diseases
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, S., Ke, Y., Ke, Y., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156727 · Cited by 23
Perilipin 5 and liver fatty acid binding protein function to restore quiescence in mouse hepatic stellate cells
Lin, J., Zheng, S., Attie, A., Keller, M. P., Bernlohr, D., Blaner, W. S., Newberry, E. P., Davidson, N. O., & Chen, A. (2018) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m077487 · Cited by 23
“Quiescent HSCs contain abundant complex lipids that are localized within lipid droplets (LDs) (1-3).”
Background
Defective Autophagy in T Cells Impairs the Development of Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Atherosclerosis
Amersfoort, J., Douna, H., Schaftenaar, F. H., Foks, A. C., Kröner, M. J., van Santbrink, P. J., van Puijvelde, G. H. M., Bot, I., & Kuiper, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02937 · Cited by 23
“Whereas, Th17 and Th1 cells appear to drive NASH, Treg cells presumably inhibit its development as Treg cell deficient mice with WTD-induced atherosclerosis have more severe hypercholesterolemia due to impaired clearance of chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoproteins (39).”
BackgroundInfluential
NKT cells promote both type 1 and type 2 inflammatory responses in a mouse model of liver fibrosis
Nilsson, J., Hörnberg, M., Schmidt-Christensen, A., Linde, K., Nilsson, M., Carlus, M., Erttmann, S. F., Mayans, S., & Holmberg, D. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78688-2 · Cited by 23
Gut Microbiota Metabolite 3-Indolepropionic Acid Directly Activates Hepatic Stellate Cells by ROS/JNK/p38 Signaling Pathways
Yuan, X., Yang, J., Huang, Y., Li, J., & Li, Y. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13101464 · Cited by 23
Investigation of the mechanisms of liver injury induced by emamectin benzoate exposure at environmental concentrations in zebrafish: A multi-omics approach to explore the role of the gut-liver axis
Gu, J., Shen, Y., Guo, L., Chen, Z., Zhou, D., Ji, G., & Gu, A. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138008 · Cited by 22
Mindin deficiency alleviates renal fibrosis through inhibiting NF‐κB and TGF‐β/Smad pathways
Yang, K., Li, W., Bai, T., Xiao, Y., Yu, W., Luo, P., & Fan, C. (2020) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.15236 · Cited by 22
Liver fibrogenesis: un update on established and emerging basic concepts
Novo, E., Bocca, C., Foglia, B., Protopapa, F., Maggiora, M., Parola, M., & Cannito, S. (2020) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2020.108445 · Cited by 24
“Irrespective of the specific etiology, liver fibrogenesis operates through a complex scenario involving a plethora of molecular mediators and signals as well as of cellular mechanisms and responses [1-10].”
BackgroundInfluential
Susceptibility Factors in Chronic Lung Inflammatory Responses to Engineered Nanomaterials
You, D. J., & Bonner, J. C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21197310 · Cited by 24
Therapeutic effect of uridine phosphorylase 1 (UPP1) inhibitor on liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo
da Silva, E. F. G., Costa, B. P., Nassr, M. T., Basso, B. D. S., Bastos, M. S., Antunes, G. L., Reghelin, C. K., Garcia, M. C. R., Levorse, V. G. S., Carlessi, L. P., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173670 · Cited by 22
Advantages and challenges in nanomedicines for chronic liver diseases: A hepatologist's perspectives
Ezhilarasan, D. (2021) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173832 · Cited by 24
Interaction of non‑parenchymal hepatocytes in the process of hepatic fibrosis (Review)
Cheng, Q.-N., Yang, X. Y., Wu, J., Ai, W., & Ni, Y. (2021) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2021.12003 · Cited by 22
Step by Step: Managing the Complications of Cirrhosis
Pérez, I., Bolte, F. J., Bigelow, W. A., Dickson, Z., & Shah, N. L. (2021) · Hepatic Medicine Evidence and Research · doi:10.2147/hmer.s278032 · Cited by 22
“This abnormal healing process is further driven by inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species.(4,5) The new Correspondence: Neeral L Shah Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, PO.”
Background
Schisandrin B Attenuates Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Promotes Apoptosis to Protect against Liver Fibrosis
Li, Z., Zhao, L., Xia, Y., Chen, J., Mei, H., & Sun, Y. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26226882 · Cited by 22
Research progress of metformin in the treatment of liver fibrosis
Zhang, A., Qian, F., Li, Y., Li, B., Yang, F., Hu, C., Sun, W., & Huang, Y. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109738 · Cited by 22
Phillygenin Ameliorates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis: Suppression of Inflammation and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
Wang, C., Liu, Y., Gong, L., Xue, X., Fu, K., Ma, C., & Li, Y. (2023) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-023-01826-1 · Cited by 22
“Inflammation caused by liver cell damage and death will activate HSCs, leading to the secretion and deposition of ECM [8].”
BackgroundInfluential
Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells alleviate biliary ischemia reperfusion injury in fatty liver transplantation by inhibiting ferroptosis
Tian, X., Wu, L., Li, X., Zheng, W., Zuo, H., & Song, H. (2023) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-023-04770-8 · Cited by 21
“On the other hand, Kupffer cells secrete pro-fibrotic cytokines such as TGF-β and TNF-α to activate hepatic stellate cells [35].”
Cellular heterogeneity and plasticity during NAFLD progression
Park, H., Choi, J., Kim, H.-M., Yang, D.-Y., An, T. H., Lee, E., Han, B., Lee, S. C., Kim, W. K., Bae, K., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1221669 · Cited by 22
“In fibrosis, macrophages generate fibrosis-promoting factors such as TGF-β and PDGF, and they are found near the myofibroblasts that produce collagen (Seki and Schwabe, 2015; Koyama and Brenner, 2017).”
Background
The inhibition of Hippo/Yap signaling pathway is required for magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate to ameliorate hepatic stellate cell inflammation and activation
Li, L., Zhou, J., Li, Q., Xu, J., Qi, J., & Bian, H. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.102 · Cited by 22
Induction of hepatic portal fibrosis, mitochondria damage, and extracellular vesicle formation in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to copper, manganese, and mercury, alone and in combination
Dhanraj, P., Venter, C., Bester, M. J., & Oberholzer, H. M. (2020) · Ultrastructural Pathology · doi:10.1080/01913123.2020.1731638 · Cited by 22
“Subsequent reported effects are the differentiation of HSC into myofibroblasts and subsequent accumulation of collagen type I in this region.(33,34) Figure 2.”
Background
Gamma-tocopherol ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced hepatic inflammation associated with NLRP3 inflammasome in alloxan-induced diabetic mice
Lee, H., & Lim, Y. (2019) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2019.13.5.377 · Cited by 21
“Furthermore, NLRP3 inflammasome triggers HSCs activation and transformation into myofibroblasts, which ultimately develop into collagen and other deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver [12,13].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Ameliorative effects of Schisandrin B on Schistosoma mansoni-induced hepatic fibrosis in vivo
Lam, H. Y. P., Liang, T.-R., & Peng, S.-Y. (2021) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009554 · Cited by 21
“As fibrosis is usually related to inflammation and apoptosis [36,42,63], we also investigated some key effectors of it.”
Background
Microtechnology-based in vitro models: Mimicking liver function and pathophysiology
Lee, S. Y., Kim, D., Sung, J. H., & Sung, J. H. (2021) · APL Bioengineering · doi:10.1063/5.0061896 · Cited by 23
A Novel Sialoglycopeptide from Gadus morhua Eggs Prevents Liver Fibrosis Induced by CCl 4 via Downregulating FXR/FGF15 and TLR4/TGF-β/Smad Pathways
Yue, H., Cai, W., Li, Y., Feng, X., Dong, P., Xue, C., & Wang, J. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05411 · Cited by 21
Interleukin-6 Induced Proliferation Is Attenuated by Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Signaling in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
Srivastava, A., Sharma, H., Khanna, S., Balasundaram, T. S., Chowdhury, S., Chowdhury, R., & Mukherjee, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.811941 · Cited by 21
Resident Immune Cells of the Liver in the Tumor Microenvironment
Lu, Y., Ma, S., Ding, W., Sun, P., Zhou, Q., Duan, Y., & Sartorius, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.931995 · Cited by 21
“org 2 abundantly infiltrate the HCC microenvironment and tumorassociated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumorigenesis by regulating the immune responses to HCC cells and secreting various cytokines (5, 6) that promote ECM development and angiogenesis in tumorigenesis (7).”
Background
Mesenchymal stem cells-based therapy in liver diseases
Han, H., Jin, W., & Li, X. (2022) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-022-00088-x · Cited by 24
Alleviating effects of essential oil from Artemisia vulgaris on enteritis in zebrafish via modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory response
Meng, R., Wu, S., Chen, J., Cao, J., Li, L., Feng, C., Liu, J., Luo, Y., & Huang, Z. (2022) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.010 · Cited by 21
Jiawei Taohe Chengqi Decoction attenuates hepatic fibrosis by preventing activation of HSCs through regulating Src/ERK/Smad3 signal pathway
Huang, Y., Wang, Z., He, Y., Ye, L., Guo, W., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.116059 · Cited by 21
The capsaicinoid nonivamide suppresses the inflammatory response and attenuates the progression of steatosis in a NAFLD‐rat model
Wikan, N., Tocharus, J., Oka, C., Sivasinprasasn, S., Chaichompoo, W., Suksamrarn, A., & Tocharus, C. (2022) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.23279 · Cited by 21
Current Therapeutic Options and Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Alcoholic Liver Disease
Han, J., Lee, C., Hur, J., & Jung, Y. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12010022 · Cited by 21
“Hepatic inflammation is accompanied by fibrosis [59,60].”
The Effect of Menopausal Status, Insulin Resistance and Body Mass Index on the Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Ntikoudi, A., Spyrou, A., Evangelou, E., Dokoutsidou, E., & Mastorakos, G. P. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12111081 · Cited by 23
“The resulting liver inflammation can progress to fibrosis, ultimately resulting in cirrhosis [32].”
Background
Cost burden of cirrhosis and liver disease progression in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis: A US cohort study
Fishman, J., Qian, C., Kim, Y., Rochon, H., Szabo, S. M., Sun, R., & Charlton, M. (2024) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2024.24069 · Cited by 21
Eriocitrin ameliorates hepatic fibrosis and inflammation: The involvement of PPARα-mediated NLRP1/NLRC4 inflammasome signaling cascades
Zhang, J., Zhang, J.-X., Feng, Q.-Y., Shi, L., Guo, X., Sun, H., & Song, J. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.119119 · Cited by 21
Dynamic features of liver fibrogenesis and fibrosis resolution in the absence of matrix metalloproteinase‑9
Wang, Q., Liu, X.-S., Zhang, J., Lü, L., Feng, M., & Wang, J. (2019) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10740 · Cited by 21
“Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been demonstrated to serve a critical role in liver fibrosis by promoting fibrogenesis and fibrosis resolution (6-8).”
iRhom2 inhibits bile duct obstruction–induced liver fibrosis
Sundaram, B., Behnke, K., Belancic, A., Al-Salihi, M. A., Thabet, Y., Polz, R., Pellegrino, R., Zhuang, Y., Shinde, P. V., Xu, H. C., et al. (2019) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.aax1194 · Cited by 20
“INTRODUCTION Chronic liver disease resulting in hepatic inflammation can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (1).”
Background
Relaxin in hepatic fibrosis: What is known and where to head?
Ezhilarasan, D. (2021) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.001 · Cited by 22
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Liver Fibrosis Is Linked with the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease Mediated by Systemic Inflammation
Chen, L.-Z., Jing, X., Wu, C., Zeng, Y., Xie, Y., Wang, M.-Q., Chen, W., Hu, X., Zhou, Y., & Cai, X. (2021) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2021/6591784 · Cited by 21
“Hepatic steatosis may progress to hepatocyte injury and initiate the inflammation, which may aggravate insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver [20].”
Background
Copper Mediates Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Activity of Gleevec in Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Induced Male Rats
Hassan, I., Ebaid, H., Alhazza, I. M., Al‐Tamimi, J., Aman, S., & Abdel-Mageed, A. M. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2019/9897315 · Cited by 21
Sinusoidal communication in chronic liver disease
Gibert-Ramos, A., Andrés-Rozas, M., Pastó, R., Alfaro-Retamero, P., Guixé-Muntet, S., & Gracia-Sancho, J. (2025) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2024.0734 · Cited by 20
“This process activates the inflammatory response, which in turn triggers the activation of resident KCs, the first-line responders upon liver injury, as well as the migration of infiltrated monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells to the damage site (44,46 – 48).”
Background
RIPK1 and RIPK3 inhibitors: potential weapons against inflammation to treat diabetic complications
Ke, D., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., Chen, P., Dai, Y., Sun, X., Chu, Y., & Li, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274654 · Cited by 22
Cross-talk between hepatic stellate cells and T lymphocytes in liver fibrosis
Li, H., Ding, P., Peng, B., & Ming, Y. (2021) · Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international · doi:10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.04.007 · Cited by 21
Hydroxychloroquine attenuates autoimmune hepatitis by suppressing the interaction of GRK2 with PI3K in T lymphocytes
Jin, C., Gao, B.-B., Zhou, W., Zhao, B., Fang, X., Yang, C.-L., Wang, X., Xia, Q., & Liu, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.972397 · Cited by 20
“Numerous immune cells regulate the development of hepatic inflammation (Koyama and Brenner, 2017).”
Background
Hepatocyte-derived DPP4 regulates portal GLP-1 bioactivity, modulates glucose production, and when absent influences NAFLD progression
Trzaskalski, N. A., Vulesevic, B., Nguyen, M.-A., Jeraj, N., Fadzeyeva, E., Morrow, N. M., Locatelli, C. A. A., Travis, N., Hanson, A. A., Nunes, J. R. C., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.154314 · Cited by 21
“Chronic liver inflammation and immune reactions often precede fibrosis (72); therefore, we assessed mRNA expression of immune-related genes.”
Tumour‐derived exosomes in liver metastasis: A Pandora's box
Li, S., Qu, Y., Liu, L., Wang, C., Li, Y., Bai, H., & Wang, J. (2023) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.13452 · Cited by 20
“89 Macrophages exhibit strong plasticity and can change their phenotypes in response to microenvironmental signals.”
Microbial modifications with Lycium barbarum L. oligosaccharides decrease hepatic fibrosis and mitochondrial abnormalities in mice
Zhang, Z., Lu, W., Liu, P., Li, M., Ge, X., Yu, B., Wu, Z., Liu, G., Ding, N., Cui, B., et al. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155068 · Cited by 20
Nanomedicine‐encouraged cellular autophagy promoters favor liver fibrosis progression reversal
Qian, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Zhu, C., Dong, X., Chen, W., Ni, X., Zhang, K., & Yin, Y. (2024) · Open Research (University of Surrey) · doi:10.1002/viw.20240003 · Cited by 20
Multiple therapeutic targets in rare cholestatic liver diseases: Time to redefine treatment strategies
Gerussi, A., D’Amato, D., Cristoferi, L., O’Donnell, S. E., Carbone, M., & Invernizzi, P. (2019) · Annals of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2019.09.009 · Cited by 20
“The vicious cycle of inflammation, cholestasis and scarring charcterize the pathological sequence from normal liver tissue to irrhosis [58].”
Background
CD73 regulates hepatic stellate cells activation and proliferation through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Jia, W.-Q., Zhou, T.-C., Dai, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y.-F., Zang, D., & Lv, X. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173667 · Cited by 20
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Genotype Mixtures, Viral Load, and Liver Damage in HBV Patients Co-infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
José-Ábrego, A., Román, S., Pinho, J. R. R., de Castro, V. F. D., & Panduro, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.640889 · Cited by 20
“Finally, these signs stimulate the extracellular matrix’s proliferation and deposition, triggering fibrosis development (Koyama and Brenner, 2017).”
Background
Antioxidant properties of red raspberry extract alleviate hepatic fibrosis via inducing apoptosis and transdifferentiation of activated hepatic stellate cells
Wu, T.-H., Wang, P., Lin, T.-Y., Yang, P., Li, W., Yeh, C., & Pan, T. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112284 · Cited by 20
The miR-23–27–24 cluster: an emerging target in NAFLD pathogenesis
Ru, L., Wang, X.-M., & Niu, J.-Q. (2022) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-021-00819-w · Cited by 21
“However, when harmful stimuli cannot be eliminated and inflammation persists, chronic liver injury occurs, which drives the progression of NAFLD to NASH and more advanced disease stages [68].”
Background
Antiplatelet drugs and liver fibrosis
Czajka, P., Przybyłkowski, A. M., Nowak, A., Postula, M. A., Wolska, M., Mirowska-Guzel, D. M., Członkowska, A., & Eyileten, C. (2021) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537104.2021.1883574 · Cited by 19
Dietary citrate acutely induces insulin resistance and markers of liver inflammation in mice
Branco, J. R., Esteves, A. M., Leandro, J. G. B., Demaria, T. M., de Godoi, V. A. F., Marette, A., Valença, H. D. M., Lanzetti, M., Peyot, M., Farfari, S., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108834 · Cited by 19
Ubiquitin Ligases CBL and CBL-B Maintain the Homeostasis and Immune Quiescence of Dendritic Cells
Tong, H., Li, X., Zhang, J., Gong, L., Sun, W., Calderon, V., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Gadzinski, A., Langdon, W. Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.757231 · Cited by 19
“org 13 cells could also be involved in promoting liver inflammation and fibrosis by stimulating Kupffer cells and macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines and hepatic stellate cells to produce collagen type-I and differentiate to fibrogenic myofibroblasts (41, 42), liver DCs are generally considered tolerogenic a…”
BackgroundInfluential
The potential pathophysiological role of altered lipid metabolism and electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases
Vural, H., Armutçu, F., Akyol, Ö., & Weiskirchen, R. (2021) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.018 · Cited by 19
Role of Cytokines on the Progression of Liver Fibrosis in Mice Infected with Echinococcus multilocularis
Tian, F., Jiang, T., Qi, X., Zhao, Z., Li, B., Aibibula, M., Min, H., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., & Ma, X. (2021) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s344508 · Cited by 19
“Pharmacologic inhibition may attenuate liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.(26) Typically, necroptosis is regarded as a pro-inflammatory mode of cell death that releases intracellular components.”
Background
TJ-M2010-5, A self-developed MyD88 inhibitor, attenuates liver fibrosis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway
Xie, Y., Du, D., Zhang, L., Yang, Y., Zou, Z., Li, Z., Zhou, L., Shang, R., & Zhou, P. (2022) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109839 · Cited by 21
Pathological Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles and Their MicroRNAs to Progression of Chronic Liver Disease
Lee, C., Han, J., & Jung, Y. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11050637 · Cited by 19
“When the liver is severely and/or chronically injured, massive hepatocyte death occurs, which is accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis [4,5].”
Background
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Dexamethasone Prevent Inflammatory Responses in Primary Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells
Medina‐Montano, C., Berti, I. R., Gambaro, R. C., Limeres, M. J., Svensson, M., Padula, G., Chain, C. Y., Cisneros, J. S., Castro, G. R., Grabbe, S., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14081611 · Cited by 19
Regulation of Progression and Resolution of Liver Fibrosis by Immune Cells
Koda, Y., Nakamoto, N., & Kanai∥, T. (2022) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/a-1957-6384 · Cited by 19
U‐shaped relationship between subcutaneous adipose tissue index and mortality in liver cirrhosis
Zhu, M., Li, H., Yin, Y., Ding, M., Philips, C. A., Romeiro, F. G., & Qi, X. (2022) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13154 · Cited by 19
“Subsequently, these inflammatory cells further activate hepatic stellate cells that are involved in the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.(37) Accordingly, in cirrhosis with high SATI, subcutaneous obesity further exacerbates the severity of liver dis-”
Background
Acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride reversal by Gandankang aqueous extracts through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway
Wei, Y., Wang, H., Fan, Y., Gu, J., Zhang, X., Gong, X.-H., & Hao, Z. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114527 · Cited by 19
Hepatoprotective Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on Ovalbumin-Induced Intestinal Food Allergy Mouse Model
Jia, B., Shang, J., Zeng, H., Wang, X., Fang, M., Xu, L., Liu, X., Wu, K., Gong, Z., & Yang, Q. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28020788 · Cited by 19
“Hepatic immune regulations are necessary to maintain liver homeostasis and would lead to liver pathology and dysfunction, if the homeostasis of the liver is disrupted [40].”
Background
Ferroptosis mediates decabromodiphenyl ether-induced liver damage and inflammation
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Xue, J., Gao, L., Li, X., Zhao, M., Zhao, D. F., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114771 · Cited by 19
PPAR-γ Agonist GW1929 Targeted to Macrophages with Dendrimer–Graphene Nanostars Reduces Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation
Moreno-Lanceta, A., Medrano-Bosch, M., Simón-Codina, B., Barber-González, M., Jiménez, W., & Melgar-Lesmes, P. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15051452 · Cited by 19
“Since chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis are two phenomena that are tightly associated [51], we evaluated the anti-fibrotic utility of DGNS-GW on mice with liver fibrosis.”
HMBOX1 in hepatocytes attenuates LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and activation
Zhao, H., Han, Q., Lü, N., Xu, D., Tian, Z., & Zhang, J. (2018) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.021 · Cited by 19
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 antagonism attenuates lipopolysaccharide‑induced activation of hepatic stellate cells via suppressing inflammation
Lou, D., Han, J., Zhou, L., Ma, H., Xv, J., Shou, J., Xu, Z., Jiang, L., & Qian, Y. (2018) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2018.6586 · Cited by 19
“Hepatic fibrosis is a wound‑repairing response to frequent and repeated liver injuries that may lead to cirrhosis and even liver cancer (1).”
Amygdalin (Vitamin B17) pretreatment attenuates experimentally induced acute autoimmune hepatitis through reduction of CD4+ cell infiltration
Elsaed, W. M. (2019) · Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2019.04.006 · Cited by 19
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) deficiency delays liver fibrosis associated with cholestatic injury
Villar-Lorenzo, A., Rada, P., Rey, E., Marañón, P., Arroba, A. I., Santamaría, B., Sáiz, J., Rupérez, F. J., Barbas, C., García‐Monzón, C., et al. (2019) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.038810 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, HSCs contribute to the inflammatory process associated with fibrosis by enhancing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from resident immune cells of the liver (Koyama and Brenner, 2017; Tsuchida and Friedman, 2017).”

Authors: Koyama, Y., & Brenner, D. A.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Brenner, David A.
ORCID: Koyama, Yukinori
Brenner, David A.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Investigation
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published: 2017-01-03
Volume: 127
Issue: 1
Pages: 55-64
ISSN: 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
1558-8238
DOI: 10.1172/jci88881
PMC: PMC5199698
OpenAlex: W2562949639
Cited by: 1,295
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 139 · 2025: 162 · 2024: 159 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 13
FWCI: 12.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (ES010337, AA011999)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01AA021856, P50AA011999)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42ES010337)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
Keywords: liver inflammation, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, hepatic steatosis, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts, immune cell crosstalk, T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance
MeSH terms: Animals, Dendritic Cells, Hepatitis, Humans, Inflammation, Kupffer Cells, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Neutrophils, T-Lymphocytes, Hepatic Stellate Cells, Myofibroblasts

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Liver inflammation and fibrosis

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks