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Liver inflammation and fibrosis
Open accessAbstract
Chronic liver inflammation leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis, which is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States. Hepatocyte steatosis is a component of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Hepatic steatosis may be benign or progress to hepatocyte injury and the initiation of inflammation, which activates immune cells. While Kupffer cells are the resident macrophage in the liver, inflammatory cells such as infiltrating macrophages, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and DCs all contribute to liver inflammation. The inflammatory cells activate hepatic stellate cells, which are the major source of myofibroblasts in the liver. Here we review the initiation of inflammation in the liver, the liver inflammatory cells, and their crosstalk with myofibroblasts.
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“A key event in liver fibrogenesis is the activation of quiescent HSCs, which differentiate into myofibroblasts and secrete large amounts of collagen and profibrosis factors.( 71 )”
From The Emerging Role of B Cells in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD (2021) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“A key event in liver fibrogenesis is the activation of quiescent HSCs, which differentiate into myofibroblasts and secrete large amounts of collagen and profibrosis factors.( 71 )”
From The Emerging Role of B Cells in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD (2021) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play pivotal roles in the pathological development of liver fibrosis27.”
From SUMOylation inhibitors synergize with FXR agonists in combating liver fibrosis (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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Intrahepatic osteopontin signaling by CREBZF defines a checkpoint for steatosis-to-NASH progression
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“In the liver, obesity increases lipid accumulation and activates various inflammatory pathways that contribute to insulin resistance and dysregulation of both glucose and lipid metabolism [7].”
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Fasting-mediated metabolic and toxicity reprogramming impacts circulating microRNA levels in humans
Ravanidis, S., Grundler, F., de Toledo, F. W., Dimitriou, E., Tekos, F., Skaperda, Z., Kouretas, D., & Doxakis, E. (2021) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112187 · Cited by 17
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Wanted: Dead or Alive Cells with Propidium Iodide Staining in Liver Tissue
Krapoth, T. C., Henle, G. S., Avdyli, M., Bektić, B., Schwarzkopf, K. M., Bešić, L., Zeuzem, S., Welsch, C., Kraus, N., & Ortiz, C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252413521 · Cited by 15
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“These diseases affect multiple organs and systems, including the liver (Koyama and Brenner 2017), pancreas (Habtezion 2015), heart (Prabhu and Frangogiannis 2016), brain (Lee et al. 2023), lungs (Savin et al. 2022), kidneys (Neumann and Tiegs 2021), digestive tract (Harold 2022), and reproductive…”
Clavería-Cabello, A., Colyn, L., Uriarte, I., Latasa, M. U., Arechederra, M., Herranz, J. M., Alvarez, L., Urmán, J., Martínez‐Chantar, M. L., Bañales, J. M., et al. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12123748 · Cited by 15
“Therefore fibrosis progression is the net result of many diverse and regulated actions [17].”
BackgroundSaydmohammed, M., Jha, A., Mahajan, V., Gavlock, D. C., Shun, T. Y., DeBiasio, R., Lefever, D. E., Li, X., Reese, C. E., Kershaw, E. E., et al. (2021) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702211009228 · Cited by 16
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TRPM8 deficiency attenuates liver fibrosis through S100A9-HNF4α signaling
Liu, Q., Lei, X., Cao, Z., Zhang, J., Yan, L., Fu, J., Tong, Q., Qin, W., Shao, Y., Liu, C., et al. (2022) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-022-00789-4 · Cited by 16
“Activation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, and MCP-1, can activate HSCs, promote ECM secretion and deposition, and then exacerbate liver fibrosis [7].”
BackgroundZheng, X., Zhou, X., Ma, G., Yu, J., Zhang, M., Yang, C., Hu, Y., Ma, S., Han, Z., Ning, W., et al. (2022) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-022-03042-4 · Cited by 15
“Persistent hepatic inflammation activates HSCs to produce extracellular matrix (ECM) and precedes the progression of liver fibrosis [12].”
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“Immunoinflammatory responses to those chemokines and cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), are almost ubiquitous [15, 16].”
BackgroundTherapeutic interventions of acute and chronic liver disorders: A comprehensive review
Ali, F. E. M., El‐Aziz, M. K. A., Sharab, E. I., & Bakr, A. G. (2023) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v15.i1.19 · Cited by 16
Efriza, E., Alshahrani, S. H., Zekiy, A. O., Al‐Awsi, G. R. L., Sharma, S. K., Ramírez‐Coronel, A. A., Shakeel, N., Riadi, Y., Aminov, Z., Zabibah, R. S., et al. (2023) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-023-01324-1 · Cited by 17
“In the absence of infection, excessive inflammation can lead to aseptic liver injury, hepatic tissue damage, and hepatic remodeling (Robinson et al. 2016; Koyama and Brenner 2017; Harini et al. 2021; Shnewer Mahdi Al-Turfi et al. 2022; Tretyakova et al. 2022).”
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Sodium alginate combined with oxymatrine ameliorates CCl4-induced chemical hepatic fibrosis in mice
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“accumulation via activation of PPAR (22).”
Effects of low and moderate treadmill exercise on liver of d ‐galactose‐exposed aging rat model
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HDL cholesterol protects from liver injury in mice with intestinal specific LXRα activation
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“Inflammation is a physiological defense mechanism against adverse stimuli, such as tissue damage and infection (5).”
BackgroundKimura, Y., Koyama, Y., Taura, K., Kudoh, A., Echizen, K., Nakamura, D., Li, X., Nam, N. H., Uemoto, Y., Nishio, T., et al. (2022) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.32586 · Cited by 18
“[15–17] Activated HSCs transform to develop phenotypic and morphological characteristics that are typical of myofibroblasts.[10] Once activated during fibrogenesis, they are known to express collagen gene and produce an extracellular matrix and express α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDing, D., Li, J., Xu, L., Wang, J., Tan, D., & Lin, W. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d2tb00681b · Cited by 15
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“Discussion Hepatic fibrosis represents healing that follows chronic inflammation and is a response to frequent and repeated chronic liver injury, which can eventually lead to cirrhosis and even liver cancer [18].”
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“Lastly, a third clinical trial, also in the recruitment phase, will focus on subjects diagnosed with NASH (rather than NAFLD) and will administer a mixture of viable bacterial strains ( Anaerobutyricum soehngenii CH-106 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLC1), a postbiotic (pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila…”
Zarlashat, Y., Ghaffar, A., Guerra, F., & Picca, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167836 · Cited by 17
“Activated macrophages and KCs in ASH produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β , TNF-α , IL-6), causing fibrosis and damage to the liver [107].”
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NAFLD and nutraceuticals: a review of completed phase III and IV clinical trials
Hegazi, O. E., Alalalmeh, S. O., Alnuaimi, G. R. H., Shahwan, M. J., Jairoun, A. A., Alorfi, N. M., Majrashi, S. A., Alkhanani, M., Alkhattabi, A., Alourfi, M. M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1227046 · Cited by 16
“NAFLD typically presents non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, thirst, and sleep disturbances, necessitating a differential diagnosis to distinguish it from conditions like alcoholic liver disease, Reye syndrome, and Hepatitis C (11, 15).”
BackgroundLobeglitazone inhibits LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and inflammation in the liver
Seo, H.-Y., Lee, S. H., Park, J. Y., Han, E., Han, S., Hwang, J. S., Kim, M. K., & Jang, B. K. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290532 · Cited by 13
“Activation of KCs through the NLPR3 inflammasome pathway leads to release of proinflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte injury, and HSC activation [10, 28, 29].”
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“The hepatic inflammatory response is a crucial factor driving the progression of NAFLD, leading to progressive liver fibrosis and, ultimately, the development of cirrhosis [21].”
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“Wound healing and repair are fundamental biological processes critical to maintaining tissue architecture and restoring organ homeostasis following injury [1].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Koyama, Y., & Brenner, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brenner, David A.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2017-01-03
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-64
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC5199698
- OpenAlex
- W2562949639
- Cited by
- 1,295
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 162 · 2024: 159 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 13
- FWCI
- 12.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (ES010337, AA011999)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01AA021856, P50AA011999)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42ES010337)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Keywords
- liver inflammation, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, hepatic steatosis, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts, immune cell crosstalk, T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dendritic Cells, Hepatitis, Humans, Inflammation, Kupffer Cells, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Neutrophils, T-Lymphocytes, Hepatic Stellate Cells, Myofibroblasts
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