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Discovery, characterization, and clinical development of the glucagon-like peptides
Open accessAbstract
The discovery, characterization, and clinical development of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) spans more than 30 years and includes contributions from multiple investigators, science recognized by the 2017 Harrington Award Prize for Innovation in Medicine. Herein, we provide perspectives on the historical events and key experimental findings establishing the biology of GLP-1 as an insulin-stimulating glucoregulatory hormone. Important attributes of GLP-1 action and enteroendocrine science are reviewed, with emphasis on mechanistic advances and clinical proof-of-concept studies. The discovery that GLP-2 promotes mucosal growth in the intestine is described, and key findings from both preclinical studies and the GLP-2 clinical development program for short bowel syndrome (SBS) are reviewed. Finally, we summarize recent progress in GLP biology, highlighting emerging concepts and scientific insights with translational relevance.
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“Circulating levels of GLP-1 are low in the fasting or inter-prandial state but spike quickly following oral nutrient loads, thus stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells, inhibiting glucagon secretion from the α-cells and slowing gastric emptying, thereby reducing hyperglycemia in T2D (Figure 1).13,14”
From Management of type 2 diabetes, obesity, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with high‐dose GLP‐1 receptor agonists and GLP‐1 receptor‐based co‐agonists (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Excitingly, reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events was reported in human subjects treated with long-acting liraglutide and semaglutide (85, 86).”
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“Excitingly, reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events was reported in human subjects treated with long-acting liraglutide and semaglutide (85, 86).”
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“Finally, it modulates food intake and controls appetite [133], as it reduces gastric emptying, inhibiting food intake [134].”
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“Consequently, multiple GLP1R agonists have been developed and are now used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) (Drucker, 2018; Drucker et al., 2017; Drucker & Nauck, 2006; Le Roux et al., 2017).”
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“More gradual doseescalation schemes over longer treatment durations are anticipated to result in lower incidence rates of gastrointestinal AEs.9 However, both the overall and gastrointestinal safety profiles of danuglipron are generally consistent with those described for peptidic GLP-1R agonists,10,11 including the r…”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, Z., Liu, X., & Kenny, P. J. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106860 · Cited by 42
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“Incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), improve hyperglycaemia via insulin secretion when glucose is orally consumed [59].”
BackgroundSNAC for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability: An Updated Review
Kommineni, N., Jyothi, V. G. S. S., Butreddy, A., Saka, R., Shapira, T., Khan, W., Angsantikul, P., & Domb, A. J. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-022-03459-9 · Cited by 37
“These include strategies to prevent gastrointestinal degradation, such as enzyme inhibitors, encapsulation into nanoparticles [6], liposomes [7] and microspheres [8], as well as strategies to increase intestinal permeability, such as the use of permeation enhancers [5, 9] and chemical modification of macromolecules to…”
MethodValencia-Rincón, E., Rai, R., Chandra, V., & Wellberg, E. A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci194743 · Cited by 38
“The actions of GLP-1 on insulin and glucagon secretion inspired the development of several GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists that have revolutionized treatment for obesity and diabetes (12, 13).”
Genetic disruption of the Gipr in Apoe−/− mice promotes atherosclerosis
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Gut microbiota mediates positive effects of liraglutide on dyslipidemia in mice fed a high-fat diet
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“Once secreted, GLP-1 will be rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), therefore its half-life is only a few minutes (9).”
BackgroundFernandez, E. D. T., Huffman, A. M., Syed, M., Romero, D. G., & Cardozo, L. L. Y. (2019) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2019-00450 · Cited by 35
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“GLP-1, an incretin secreted from enteroendocrine cells in the distal intestine (39,40) with beneficial effects on glucose homoeostasis (41) , is an important marker of TGR5 activation (42,43) .”
Chromogranin A regulates gut permeability via the antagonistic actions of its proteolytic peptides
Muntjewerff, E. M., Tang, K., Lutter, L., Christoffersson, G., Nicolasen, M. J. T., Gao, H., Katkar, G. D., Das, S., ter Beest, M., Ying, W., et al. (2021) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13655 · Cited by 33
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“Liraglutide is a long-acting GLP-1R agonist that is approved for the treatment of both type 2 diabetes and obesity.(12) The combination of liraglutide and exercise also leads to greater maintenance of weight loss,(13) abdominal fat, and markers of inflammation(14) than either treatment alone.”
Clinical Perspectives on Obesity Treatment: Challenges, Gaps, and Promising Opportunities
Heymsfield, S. B., Aronne, L. J., Eneli, I., Kumar, R., Michalsky, M. P., Walker, E., Wolfe, B. M., Woolford, S. J., & Yanovski, S. Z. (2018) · NAM Perspectives · doi:10.31478/201809b · Cited by 37
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“GLP-1 receptor agonists are medications approved to treat both type 2 diabetes and obesity (Courtney et al. 2017; Dar et al. 2015; Drucker et al. 2017; Eng et al. 2014; Pi-Sunyer et al. 2015), and show promise in laboratory animal studies as treatments to reduce alcohol drinking as well as other substance use disorder…”
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Yang, R., Zhang, L., Guo, J., Wang, N., Zhang, Q., Qi, Z., Wu, L., Qin, L., & Liu, T. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06302-y · Cited by 35
“The primary effects of GLP-1 RA involve controlling blood glucose levels in individuals with T2DM by promoting glucose-dependent insulin release [67], inhibiting glucagon production, decreasing hepatic glucose output [68], improving insulin secretion, reducing the apoptosis of β-cells, promoting…”
The now and then of gut-brain signaling
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“In this context, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have gained prominence in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to their multifaceted efficacy [3,4].”
Unlocking the multifaceted roles of GLP-1: Physiological functions and therapeutic potential
AL-Noshokaty, T. M., Abdelhamid, R., Abdelmaksoud, N. M., Khaled, A., Hossam, M., Ahmed, R., Saber, T., Khaled, S., Elshaer, S. S., & Abulsoud, A. I. (2025) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101895 · Cited by 30
Semaglutide effects on energy balance are mediated by Adcyap1+ neurons in the dorsal vagal complex
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“However, GLP-1R ablation in PVN does not affect glucose metabolism and the vagus nerve is implicated in the effects of peripherally administered GLP-1 on food intake and glycaemia (21).”
BackgroundIn vivo studies of glucagon secretion by human islets transplanted in mice
Tellez, K., Hang, Y., Gu, X., Chang, C., Stein, R. W., & Kim, S. K. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0213-x · Cited by 28
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“Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous hormone secreted by the enteroendocrine L-cells of the lower gastro-intestinal tract [43].”
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Conjugation with glucagon like peptide-1 enables targeted protein degradation
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Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use
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Altered islet prohormone processing: a cause or consequence of diabetes?
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Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key mucosal barrier modulators in obesity
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“Among them, GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor signals have been investigated as treatment targets for inflammation-related diseases, given their anti-inflammatory functions [32,33].”
BackgroundLee, Y. S., Riopel, M., Cabrales, P., & Bandyopadhyay, G. K. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4176 · Cited by 30
“Most incretin effects are mediated by two gut hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) ( 4 , 5 ).”
InfluentialGoldenberg, R. M., Gilbert, J. D., Manjoo, P., Pedersen, S. D., Woo, V. C., & Lovshin, J. A. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13663 · Cited by 27
“13,14 Chronic activation of central GLP-1Rs can lead to body weight loss 15 by reducing food intake 16 through promotion of satiety 14 (Figure 1), rendering GLP-1RAs as useful agents for managing obesity, often with greater benefits observed when prescribed at higher doses.”
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“19 It was rapidly established that GLP-1 inhibits glucagon secretion, food intake and gastric emptying, supporting the development of GLP-1 RA for treating type 2 diabetes and, later, obesity.”
Patel, A. R., Yusta, B., Matthews, D., Charron, M. J., Seeley, R. J., & Drucker, D. J. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.006 · Cited by 25
“GLP-1 is physiologically essential for glucose control and energy homeostasis, as revealed in preclinical studies using GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonists or Glp1r / mice [4].”
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Khedagi, A. M., Hoke, C., Kelsey, M. D., Coviello, A. D., Jones, W. S., Jackson, L. R., Patel, M. R., McGarrah, R. W., Pagidipati, N. J., & Shah, N. P. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100477 · Cited by 28
“Similarly, studies in patients with type 2 diabetes led to the FDA approval of the first GLP-1 receptor agonist in 2005, exenatide[12].”
ResultLuo, M.-L., Zhao, Q., He, X.-H., Xie, X., Zhu, H.-P., You, F.-M., Peng, C., Zhan, G., & Huang, W. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114574 · Cited by 25
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The hidden impact of GLP ‐1 receptor agonists on endometrial receptivity and implantation
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“GLP-2 can induce intestinal crypt cells proliferation, inhibit enterocyte apoptosis, promote the proliferation of intestinal villi, and thus promoting the expansion of intestinal mucosa and absorption of nutrients [6].”
BackgroundO’Malley, D. (2018) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep087443 · Cited by 26
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Trends in Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Social Media Posts Using Artificial Intelligence
Javaid, A., Baviriseaty, S., Javaid, R., Zirikly, A., Kukreja, H., Kim, C. H., Blaha, M. J., Blumenthal, R. S., Martin, S. S., & Marvel, F. A. (2024) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101182 · Cited by 24
How ‘miracle’ weight‐loss semaglutide promises to change medicine but can we afford the expense?
Weiskirchen, R., & Lonardo, A. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70003 · Cited by 26
“This cascade of events eventually promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic β -cells in a glucose-dependent manner (de Graaf et al., 2016; Drucker et al., 2017; Tomas et al., 2020), which reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia commonly associated with other antidiabetic medications that do not rely on…”
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“GLP-1R is a class B1 GPCR that has emerged as a crucial therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and obesity treatment 133,134 .”
Smits, M. M., & Holst, J. J. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3699 · Cited by 22
“The clinical effects of GLP ‐ 1RAs have been detailed in many reviews, 31–34 and will only be briefly mentioned here.”
BackgroundSelf-citationJanus, C., Vistisen, D., Amadid, H., Witte, D. R., Lauritzen, T., Brage, S., Bjerregaard, A., Hansen, T. F., Holst, J. J., Jørgensen, M. E., et al. (2019) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-19-0408 · Cited by 24
Self-citationThe History of Diabetes Mellitus
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Panaro, B. L., Coppage, A. L., Beaudry, J. L., Varin, E. M., Kaur, K., Lai, J. H.-S., Wu, W., Liu, Y., Bachovchin, W. W., & Drucker, D. J. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.10.011 · Cited by 22
“The favorable metabolic actions of several gut hormones, notably glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), have received considerable attention, and GLP-1 receptor agonists have been developed for the therapy of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGlutamine-induced signaling pathways via amino acid receptors in enteroendocrine L cell lines
Nakamura, T., Harada, K., Kamiya, T., Takizawa, M., Küppers, J., Nakajima, K., Gütschow, M., Kitaguchi, T., Ohta, K., Kato, T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-19-0260 · Cited by 22
Gut-Based Strategies to Reduce Postprandial Glycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes
Kamruzzaman, M., Horowitz, M., Jones, K. L., & Marathe, C. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.661877 · Cited by 23
“In late 1980s, the factors responsible for the incretin effect, the so-called ‘incretin’ hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were discovered (25).”
BackgroundHaggag, A. Z., Xu, J., Butcher, L., Pagnussat, S., Davies, G., Lundqvist, S., Wang, W., van Zuydam, N. R., Nelander, K., Jha, A., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16047 · Cited by 21
“15,16 The benefits of GLP-1 RAs extend beyond the treatment of T2DM and body weight management, including cardiovascular protective effects, and more recently, they have been linked to slowing disease progression in diabetic kidney disease.”
Li, X., Jin, Y., Feng, X.-Y., Wang, R.-C., Chen, J.-P., & Lu, B. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.111871 · Cited by 22
Osuga, Y., Harada, K., & Tsuboi, T. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.043 · Cited by 21
Managing weight and glycaemic targets in people with type 2 diabetes—How far have we come?
Blüher, M., Ceriello, A., Davies, M. J., Rodbard, H. W., Sattar, N. A., Schnell, O., Tonchevska, E., & Giorgino, F. (2022) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.330 · Cited by 19
Quassia amara bioactive compounds as a Novel DPP-IV inhibitor: an in-silico study
Olugbogi, E. A., Bodun, D. S., Omoseeye, S. D., Onoriode, A. O., Oluwamoroti, F. O., Adedara, J. F., Oriyomi, I. A., Bello, F. O., Olowoyeye, F. O., Laoye, O. G., et al. (2022) · Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center · doi:10.1186/s42269-022-00890-1 · Cited by 22
Transforming steatotic liver disease management: The emerging role of GLP-1 receptor agonists
Jensen, E., Israelsen, M. E., & Krag, A. A. (2024) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000561 · Cited by 24
“[54] To achieve fibrosis regression, studies with paired biopsies have found that a 7% – 10% loss of body weight is required.”
BackgroundA once-monthly GLP-1 receptor agonist for treatment of diabetic cats
Schneider, E. L., Reid, R. L., Parkes, D. G., Lutz, T. A., Ashley, G. W., & Santi, D. V. (2019) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.07.001 · Cited by 20
Izumi, H., Ehara, T., Sugahara, H., Matsubara, T., Mitsuyama, E., Nakazato, Y., Tsuda, M., Shimizu, T., Odamaki, T., Xiao, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy248 · Cited by 20
Interorgan crosstalk in pancreatic islet function and pathology
Evans, R. M., & Wei, Z. (2022) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14282 · Cited by 19
Niu, K., Fan, M., Gao, W., Chen, C., & Dai, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1414268 · Cited by 21
“Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and insuf fi cient insulin secretion, leading to elevated blood glucose levels and an increased risk of various complications (Drucker et al., 2017; Drucker, 2018).”
BackgroundOlukorode, J., Orimoloye, D. A., Nwachukwu, N. O., ONWUZO, C. N., Oloyede, P. O., Fayemi, T., Odunaike, O. S., Ayobami-Ojo, P. S., Divine, N., Alo, D. J., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.72080 · Cited by 26
Matuszewski, W., Baranowska-Jurkun, A., Stefanowicz-Rutkowska, M. M., Gontarz-Nowak, K., Gątarska, E., & Bandurska-Stankiewicz, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10040705 · Cited by 20
Homolak, J., Perhoč, A. B., Knezović, A., Barilar, J. O., & Šalković‐Petrišić, M. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10071118 · Cited by 19
“Incretin effects of GLP-1 have been discovered in the 1980s, and they have been successfully exploited for pharmacological glucoregulation by the 2000s (Drucker et al., 2017).”
BackgroundLiraglutide Accelerates Ischemia‐Induced Angiogenesis in a Murine Diabetic Model
Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Ma, Y., Zhang, X., Du, X., Gao, J., Ding, N., Wang, L., Ni, C., Luo, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.026586 · Cited by 18
“33 Notably, liraglutide has been recruited in an ongoing clinical trial for patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral artery disease.”
Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist—status December 2018
Holst, J. J. (2019) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2019.01.09 · Cited by 18
“Growth effects on beta cells are probably mediated via the PI-3 kinase pathway (4).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSafety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic characterisation of DACRA KBP‐042 in healthy male subjects
Henriksen, K., Broekhuizen, K., de Boon, W. M. I., Karsdal, M. A., Bihlet, A. R., Christiansen, C., Dillingh, M. R., de Kam, M., Kumar, R., Burggraaf, J., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14921 · Cited by 18
Wu, J., Zhou, R., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., Qin, H., Ye, Z., Xu, Y., Feng, S., Shu, C., Shen, Y., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15383 · Cited by 17
Adropin and glucagon-like peptide-2 are associated with glucose metabolism in obese children
Chen, R., Yuan, X., Ouyang, Q., Lin, X., Ai, Z., Zhang, Y., & Yang, X. (2019) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-019-00296-6 · Cited by 17
Extrapancreatic glucagon: Present status
Lund, A., & Knop, F. K. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.06.013 · Cited by 17
Willard, F. S., Ho, J. D., & Sloop, K. W. (2020) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2020.02.001 · Cited by 17
West, J. A., Ghosh, S. S., Parkes, D. G., Tsakmaki, A., Grønlund, R. V., Pedersen, P. J., MAGGS, D. G., Rajagopalan, H., & Bewick, G. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249239 · Cited by 19
Gobron, B., Bouvard, B., Legrand, É., Chappard, D., & Mabilleau, G. (2020) · Bone Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100251 · Cited by 16
“GLP-2 is co-secreted with GLP-1 and PYY by enteroendocrine L-cells mainly located in the distal part of the small intestine and in colon (Drucker et al., 2017).”
BackgroundNobiletin ameliorates high fat-induced disruptions in rhythmic glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion
Martchenko, A., Biancolin, A. D., Martchenko, S. E., & Brubaker, P. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11223-7 · Cited by 17
“GLP-1 receptor agonists and degradation inhibitors are now, therefore, widely used to reduce glycemia and lower body weight in patients with T2D or obesity 16 .”
Li, B., Zhang, Y., Yan, S., Yan, D., & Jiang, D. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s371370 · Cited by 18
Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Wang, C., Deng, B., Zhang, Q., & Shi, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.781856 · Cited by 15
Kamakura, R., Raza, G. S., Sodum, N., Lehto, V., Kovalainen, M., & Herzig, K. (2022) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202200192 · Cited by 15
Activation of TLRs Triggers GLP-1 Secretion in Mice
Lebrun, L. J., Dusuel, A., Xolin, M., Guern, N. L., & Grober, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065333 · Cited by 15
“It was originally described for its ability to stimulate insulin secretion and for its implication in glucose metabolism [4], but in addition to these glucoregulatory functions, GLP-1 also exerts anti-inflammatory effects [5].”
BackgroundHallmarks of the metabolic secretome
Reghupaty, S. C., Dall, N. R., & Svensson, K. J. (2023) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2023.09.006 · Cited by 17
Ali, S., Baig, S., Wanninayake, S., Xavier, G. D. S., Dawson, C., Paisey, R., & Geberhiwot, T. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15398 · Cited by 16
“56 Treatment with GLP-1 RAs also led to a reduction in the atherogenic lipid levels in our observational cohort (Table 2).”
BackgroundSabbagh, M. N., Cummings, J. L., Ballard, C. G., van der Flier, W. M., Heneka, M. T., Holst, J. J., Knudsen, L. B., Salloway, S., Tansey, M. G., & Drucker, D. J. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-01029-3 · Cited by 15
“The first two long-acting GLP-1RAs developed for T2D, liraglutide once daily and exenatide once weekly, provided 24-h activation of GLP-1R, enabling improved glucose control 46 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationIncretins as a Potential Treatment Option for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Pilszyk, A., Niebrzydowska-Tatus, M., Pilszyk, Z., Wierzchowska-Opoka, M., & Kimber-Trojnar, Ż. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231710101 · Cited by 14
“It is secreted mainly after the ingestion of glucose, lipids, or mixed meals, and increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at physiological plasma concentrations, which meets all the criteria for an incretin hormone [26,27].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Drucker, D. J., Habener, J. F., & Holst, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Drucker, Daniel J.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2017-12-01
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4217-4227
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC5707151
- OpenAlex
- W2772059359
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 29
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs, Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP123391)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, enteroendocrine hormones, insulin secretion, glucoregulation, intestinal mucosal growth, short bowel syndrome
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Short Bowel Syndrome, Structure-Activity Relationship, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucagon-Like Peptide 2, Drug Discovery
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