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Discovery, characterization, and clinical development of the glucagon-like peptides
Open accessAbstract
The discovery, characterization, and clinical development of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) spans more than 30 years and includes contributions from multiple investigators, science recognized by the 2017 Harrington Award Prize for Innovation in Medicine. Herein, we provide perspectives on the historical events and key experimental findings establishing the biology of GLP-1 as an insulin-stimulating glucoregulatory hormone. Important attributes of GLP-1 action and enteroendocrine science are reviewed, with emphasis on mechanistic advances and clinical proof-of-concept studies. The discovery that GLP-2 promotes mucosal growth in the intestine is described, and key findings from both preclinical studies and the GLP-2 clinical development program for short bowel syndrome (SBS) are reviewed. Finally, we summarize recent progress in GLP biology, highlighting emerging concepts and scientific insights with translational relevance.
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“Circulating levels of GLP-1 are low in the fasting or inter-prandial state but spike quickly following oral nutrient loads, thus stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells, inhibiting glucagon secretion from the α-cells and slowing gastric emptying, thereby reducing hyperglycemia in T2D (Figure 1).13,14”
From Management of type 2 diabetes, obesity, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with high‐dose GLP‐1 receptor agonists and GLP‐1 receptor‐based co‐agonists (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Excitingly, reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events was reported in human subjects treated with long-acting liraglutide and semaglutide (85, 86).”
BackgroundSemaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Marso, S. P., Bain, S. C., Consoli, A., Eliaschewitz, F. G., Jódar, E., Leiter, L. A., Lingvay, I., Rosenstock, J., Seufert, J., Warren, M. L., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1607141 · Cited by 6,900 · cited 1×
“Excitingly, reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events was reported in human subjects treated with long-acting liraglutide and semaglutide (85, 86).”
BackgroundA Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management
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Age-related change of GLP-1R expression in rats can be detected by [18F]AlF-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4
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“The GLP-1 RAs were originally developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but they soon showed promising effects in weight reduction [1, 2].”
Lønsmann, I., & Bak, L. K. (2020) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109635 · Cited by 12
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“Consequently, GLP-1 and its analogues have been increasingly recognized as a hot pot in the medical field for obesity and type 2 diabetes [8].”
BackgroundNagasawa, Y., Katagiri, S., Nakagawa, K., Hirota, T., Yoshimi, K., Uchida, A., Hatasa, M., Komatsu, K., Shiba, T., Ohsugi, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.105321 · Cited by 13
Zhang, Z., Yan, Q., Wu, W., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., & Li, J. (2023) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605231177191 · Cited by 12
“For example, GLP-1 can regulate insulin secretion through GLP-1R in pancreatic b cells;(51) and it can also reduce blood glucose by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon in islet a cells.(52) GLP-1 can also reduce food intake by enhancing satiety through central mechanisms in the hypothalamus and brainstem.”
BackgroundAcute administration of interleukin-6 does not increase secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in mice
Christiansen, C. B., Jepsen, S. L., Svendsen, B., Balk-Møller, E., Dahlby, T., Kuhre, R. E., Hartmann, B., Mandrup-Poulsen, T. R., Deacon, C. F., Albrechtsen, N. J. W., et al. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13788 · Cited by 12
“Today, these effects are utilized in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with GLP-1 receptor agonists (Drucker et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssessment of thyroid cancer risk associated with glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist use
Vilsbøll, T., Stellfeld, M., Aroda, V. R., Dandanell, S., David, J., Kristiansen, C. T. P., Rasmussen, S., Roberts, F. L., & Hegedűs, L. D. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70291 · Cited by 11
“5 The increased satiety observed with the use of GLP-1RAs leads to a decrease in energy intake, which results in body weight loss.”
Cardioprotective benefits of metabolic surgery and GLP-1 receptor agonist–based therapies
Morissette, A., & Mulvihill, E. E. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.07.012 · Cited by 12
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Mieczkowska, A., Bouvard, B., Legrand, É., & Mabilleau, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.721506 · Cited by 11
“Depending on tissue-specific splicing, proglucagon mRNA gives rise to several peptide including glucagon (GCG), glicentin-related peptide, oxyntomodulin, glucacon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) (15).”
BackgroundBiancolin, A. D., Jeong, H., Mak, K. W. Y., Yuan, Z., & Brubaker, P. L. (2022) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqac118 · Cited by 13
Peptide-Liganded G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Neurotherapeutics
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“Diets should also limit saturated fat and starch, and focus on high fiber and unsaturated fats for additional cardiometabolic benefit[8,9,27,28,44].”
Lee, J., & Kim, W. K. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13182975 · Cited by 10
Novel secreted regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism in the development of metabolic diseases
Wat, L. W., & Svensson, K. J. (2024) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06253-x · Cited by 13
“Postprandially, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is secreted by intestinal L cells to promote insulin secretion, slow down gastric emptying and suppress food intake [7, 8].”
Molecular evolution of GIP and Exendin and their receptors
Irwin, D. M. (2019) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170158 · Cited by 10
A Promising Insight: The Potential Influence and Therapeutic Value of the Gut Microbiota in GI GVHD
Li, J., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Zheng, Q., Zhao, M., & Jiang, H. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/2124627 · Cited by 10
“Acute GVHD reduced glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) levels produced by intestinal L-cells in mice and in patients with graftversus-host disease [51].”
Unraveling the complex roles of macrophages in obese adipose tissue: an overview
Peng, C. S., Chen, J., Wu, R., Jiang, H., & Li, J. X. (2024) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-023-1033-7 · Cited by 9
Chen, B., Zhou, W., Zhao, W., Yuan, P., Tang, C., Wang, G., Leng, J., Ma, J., Wang, X., Hui, Y., et al. (2019) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2019.10497 · Cited by 10
The GLP-1 receptor is expressed in vivo by human metastatic prostate cancer
Stein, M. S., Kalff, V., Williams, S., Murphy, D. G., Colman, P. G., & Hofman, M. S. (2023) · Endocrine Oncology · doi:10.1530/eo-23-0015 · Cited by 12
Medical Weight Management Considerations in Plastic Surgery
Paranzino, A. B., Vieira, B. L., Apovian, C. M., & Agarwal, S. (2024) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000011445 · Cited by 9
“24 Early GLP-1 agonist trials resulted in disappointing results, which were ultimately explained by rapid metabolism, and efforts to prolong duration were achieved by addition of adipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors.”
Nishida, K., Ueno, S., Seino, Y., Hidaka, S., Murao, N., Asano, Y., Fujisawa, H., Shibata, M., Takayanagi, T., Ohbayashi, K., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142270 · Cited by 9
“In addition, GLP-1 not only potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion as an incretin hormone, but also decreases body weight through suppression of feeding and gastric emptying [23].”
BackgroundMechanistic insights and approaches for beta cell regeneration
Karampelias, C., Liu, K., Tengholm, A., & Andersson, O. (2025) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-024-01822-y · Cited by 9
“Additional drug classes, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs, both improve glucose homeostasis and reduce body weight 8,9 .”
Relevance of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Narrative Review
Gravina, A. G., Pellegrino, R., Izzo, M., Costanzo, I. D., Imperio, G., Landa, F., Tambaro, A., & Federico, A. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47050383 · Cited by 10
“Given the already mentioned short half-life due to rapid enzymatic degradation [19], DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 analogues, including exenatide, liraglutide, al-biglutide, dulaglutide, which are FDA-approved and characterised by an increased half-life, have been developed [86].”
Exploring the multifaceted roles of GLP-1 receptor agonists; a comprehensive review
Hammad, B. F., Zafar, N., Ullah, M., Faisal, S. J., Iftikhar, F., Waheed, H., Muzaffar, M. W., Ahmed, K., Ashraf, F., Zahid, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2025.1590530 · Cited by 13
“The origin of GLP-1 and its physiological pathway was discovered in the 1980s by the decoding of nucleotide sequences of mammalian preproglucagons, the precursors of proglucagon (4).”
Unde venisti PGRMC? Grand-Scale Biology from Early Eukaryotes and Eumetazoan Animal Origins
Cahill, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2711317 · Cited by 9
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“GLP-1 was first found to exert incretin-like activity, promoting glucose-dependent insulin secretion in normal and diabetic animals and humans through binding GLP-1R [28,44].”
BackgroundGLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of diabetic non–alcoholic steatohepatitis patients
Adeghate, E. A. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2328796 · Cited by 10
“In addition, it also slows down emptying of food from the stomach [69– 71].”
BackgroundPhysiologic Mechanisms of Weight Loss Following Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery
Luo, J. N., & Tavakkoli, A. (2021) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2020.12.006 · Cited by 9
Management of cardiometabolic complications in polycystic ovary syndrome: Unmet needs
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Gut Peptide Agonism in the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes
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Hunting for heroes: Brain neurons mediating GLP-1R agonists in obesity treatment
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“…insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and suppresses glucagon release while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia has led to the development of various structurally distinct GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (GLP-1RAs) with longer circulation times for the management of T2DM [15 – 17].”
BackgroundResultNew Insights into Chronic Pancreatitis: Potential Mechanisms Related to Probiotics
Pan, Y., Li, J., Fan, Z., Chen, Y., Huang, X., & Wu, D. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12091760 · Cited by 8
“GLP-1 normalizes glucose tolerance and enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion via GLP-1R in pancreatic β -cells [71].”
BackgroundProgress in the management of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease
Garcia, L. P., Thomas, S. S., Rajesh, H., & Navaneethan, S. D. (2022) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0000000000000811 · Cited by 9
“Current guidelines recommend RAAS blockade, followed by the use of SGLT-2i, GLP1-RA, and ns-MRAs.”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, P., Hill, T. A., Mitchell, J. M., Fitzsimmons, R. L., Xu, W., Loh, Z., Suen, J. Y., Lim, J., Iyer, A., & Fairlie, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00653 · Cited by 8
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in peri-operative care
Paggers, L., Mesotten, D., & Stragier, H. (2024) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/eja.0000000000002103 · Cited by 8
Machado, M. F., Shunk, T., Hansen, G., Harvey, C., Fulford, B., Hauf, S., Schuh, O., Kaldas, M., Arcaroli, E., Ortiz, J. P., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.66691 · Cited by 11
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“Notably, glucagon, a well-known hyperglycemic pancreatic hormone structurally related to incretins, including GLP-1 [54], seems to be unaffected by the amino acids selected in the present study.”
BackgroundUsing adjuvant pharmacotherapy in the treatment of type 1 diabetes
Sjöholm, Å. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.1939679 · Cited by 7
Stat3-mTOR signaling mediates the stimulation of GLP-1 production induced by IL-27
Lei, G., Chen, L., Peng, M., Zeng, B., Yang, Q., Zhai, H., & Xu, G. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-19-0124 · Cited by 8
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Taurine promotes glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion in enteroendocrine L cells
Osuga, Y., Harada, K., Yamauchi, T., Kitaguchi, T., Hirai, M. Y., Matsumoto, M., & Tsuboi, T. (2025) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.70014 · Cited by 6
“Therefore, GLP-1 is increasingly considered a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome [9,10], and nutri-ents present in the gastrointestinal tract may have the potential to treat these diseases through the stimulation of GLP-1 secretion.”
Gut microbiota: A bridge between depression and cardiovascular disease-A narrative review
Mu, X., Feng, L., Li, H., & Sun, Y. (2025) · The Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.microb.2025.100292 · Cited by 6
Genetics, pharmacotherapy, and dietary interventions in childhood obesity
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Oxytocin and Neuroprotective Effects
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Biancolin, A. D., Srikrishnaraj, A., Jeong, H., Martchenko, A., & Brubaker, P. L. (2022) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqac142 · Cited by 7
Liu, Y., Ma, W., Fu, H., Zhang, Z., Yin, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, W., Yu, S., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1235639 · Cited by 6
“In addition, PEG-Loxe can delay gastric emptying and suppress patients ’ appetite, thereby reducing their food intake and ultimately reducing their weight (Drucker et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSaedi, S., Tan, Y., Watson, S. E., Sparks, J. D., Wintergerst, K. A., & Cai, L. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00673.2024 · Cited by 6
“GLP1 is an incretin that can reduce blood glucose levels in a glucose-dependent manner by increasing insulin secretion (68).”
Emerging Therapies in Metabolic Health: A Comprehensive Review of GLP‐1, GIP, and Glucagon Agonists
Khan, M. S., Bhutani, U., Venugopal, H., Saini, A. K., Naidu, V. R., & Kollipara, S. (2026) · Journal of Peptide Science · doi:10.1002/psc.70083 · Cited by 6
“The development of GLP-1 receptor agonists was significantly advanced by the discovery of exendin-4 from Gila monster saliva, which led to the creation of exenatide [11].”
Late-life semaglutide treatment slows ageing and extends lifespan in female mice
Feng, Y., Barthez, M., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Qiu, H., Wang, C.-L., Heydari, K., Delcroix, M., Rasmussen, L. J., Bohr, V. A., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10940-7 · Cited by 5
Redefining peptide therapeutics with semaglutide
Kruse, T., & Østergaard, S. (2024) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41557-023-01434-4 · Cited by 5
Differences in brain spindle density during sleep between patients with and without type 2 diabetes
Yeung, D., Talukder, A., Shi, M., Umbach, D. M., Li, Y., Motsinger‐Reif, A. A., Hwang, J. J., Fan, Z., & Li, L. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109484 · Cited by 8
Limited gut cell repertoire for multiple hormones
Shivdasani, R. A. (2018) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-018-0153-9 · Cited by 5
Morettini, M., Palumbo, M. C., Bottiglione, A., Danieli, A., Giudice, S. D., Burattini, L., & Tura, A. (2024) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108018 · Cited by 5
The Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Burn Care: What Do We Know?
Manasyan, A., Cannata, B., Ross, E. E., Lasky, S., Stanton, E. W., Malkoff, N., Collier, Z. J., Johnson, M. B., & Gillenwater, J. T. (2024) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irae189 · Cited by 6
GLP-1R signaling does not modify the severity of experimental graft versus host disease
Yusta, B., Wong, C. K., Matthews, D., Koehler, J. A., Baggio, L. L., Bang, K. W. A., & Drucker, D. J. (2025) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102235 · Cited by 5
“Both GLP-1 and GLP-2 also exert direct actions on the gut to control gut motility and reduce gut inflammation [2,3].”
Self-citationCoke, L. A., DEEDWANIA, P. C., Hinnen, D., Magwire, M., & Miller, N. H. (2022) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000000661 · Cited by 5
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“approved for clinical use in 2005 [4], this class of drug has been an effective choice in managing T2DM.”
BackgroundDraghmeh, K., & Fuehrlein, B. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin26361 · Cited by 4
“…addition to its glucoregulatory effects, GLP -1 has been proven to decrease both physiologic and pleasure-driven feeding making it a key component in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity since being approved by the FDA for use in T2DM in 2005 and for obesity in 2014 [67,68].”
Urbauer, E., Aguanno, D., Kuellmer, K., Metwaly, A., Waldschmitt, N., Ahmed, M., Khaloian, S., Hörmannsperger, G., Planchais, J., Fromme, T., et al. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2025.101656 · Cited by 4
“With regard to mucosal homeostasis, GLP-2, posttranslationally processed from proglucagon like GLP-1 and secreted in equimolar amounts (81), is of particular interest.”
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: From Clinical Success to Mechanistic Insight
Patel, T., Rose, J., Katsurada, K., Yada, T., Koutakis, P., Salomon, J., Patel, K. P., & Alfaidi, M. (2026) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.126.327683 · Cited by 4
Research Progress on Peptide Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes and the Possibility of Oral Administration
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Pharmacological Management of Obesity in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Kourtidou, C., & Τζιόμαλος, Κ. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020496 · Cited by 6
“GLP-1 receptor agonists are currently indicated for the treatment of T2DM and obesity [22].”
Prolonged Activation of the GLP-1 Receptor via Covalent Capture
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“Notably, therapies targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a well-established incretin hormone to enhance nutrient-induced insulin release, have broadened treatment options and facilitated individualized management strategies for T2D [7, 8].”
The Enigmatic N-Terminal Domain of Proglucagon; A Historical Perspective
Conlon, J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.683089 · Cited by 4
“Within enteroglucagon, the sequences of glicentin-related pancreatic peptide [GRPP; proglucagon-(1-30)], glucagon [proglucagon-(3361)] and oxyntomodulin [proglucagon-(33-69)] are embedded (Figure 1).”
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“As digestion progresses, β-cell stimulation is further enhanced by circulating incretin hormones such as GLP-1 [11, 106, 107], along with rising blood glucose levels (the dominant physiological trigger).”
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Promising results but caution needed in GLP-1RA large scale epidemiology
Deo, S. V., & Sattar, N. A. (2025) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2025.03.015 · Cited by 3
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Special Issue: “Anti-inflammatory Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1”
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Assessing Protein-Protein Docking Protocols: Case Studies of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Interactions
Sonawani, A., Naglekar, A., Kharche, S., & Sengupta, D. (2024) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3985-6_13 · Cited by 3
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Limitless Potential
Demidova, T. Y., & Kozhevnikov, A. A. (2020) · Doctor Ru · doi:10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-2-6-12 · Cited by 3
West, J. A., Ghosh, S. S., Parkes, D. G., Tsakmaki, A., Grønlund, R. V., Pedersen, P. J., MAGGS, D. G., Rajagopalan, H., & Bewick, G. A. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/822122 · Cited by 3
Editorial: Proglucagon-Derived Peptides
Flatt, P. R., Knop, F. K., & Tarasov, A. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.776871 · Cited by 3
“Thanks to the subsequent advent of molecular biology techniques and the additional pioneering efforts of Joel Habener, Daniel Drucker and others in the 1980s (1, 4, 41), the constituent bioactive peptides glucagon, GLP-1 and GLP-2 are now well recognised yet, as pointed out by Michael Conlon, the possible functional r…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Drucker, D. J., Habener, J. F., & Holst, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Drucker, Daniel J.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2017-12-01
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4217-4227
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC5707151
- OpenAlex
- W2772059359
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 29
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs, Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP123391)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, enteroendocrine hormones, insulin secretion, glucoregulation, intestinal mucosal growth, short bowel syndrome
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Short Bowel Syndrome, Structure-Activity Relationship, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucagon-Like Peptide 2, Drug Discovery
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