The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Discovery, characterization, and clinical development of the glucagon-like peptides
Open accessAbstract
The discovery, characterization, and clinical development of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) spans more than 30 years and includes contributions from multiple investigators, science recognized by the 2017 Harrington Award Prize for Innovation in Medicine. Herein, we provide perspectives on the historical events and key experimental findings establishing the biology of GLP-1 as an insulin-stimulating glucoregulatory hormone. Important attributes of GLP-1 action and enteroendocrine science are reviewed, with emphasis on mechanistic advances and clinical proof-of-concept studies. The discovery that GLP-2 promotes mucosal growth in the intestine is described, and key findings from both preclinical studies and the GLP-2 clinical development program for short bowel syndrome (SBS) are reviewed. Finally, we summarize recent progress in GLP biology, highlighting emerging concepts and scientific insights with translational relevance.
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“Circulating levels of GLP-1 are low in the fasting or inter-prandial state but spike quickly following oral nutrient loads, thus stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells, inhibiting glucagon secretion from the α-cells and slowing gastric emptying, thereby reducing hyperglycemia in T2D (Figure 1).13,14”
From Management of type 2 diabetes, obesity, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with high‐dose GLP‐1 receptor agonists and GLP‐1 receptor‐based co‐agonists (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
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Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Marso, S. P., Daniels, G. H., Brown-Frandsen, K., Kristensen, P., Mann, J. F. E., Nauck, M. A., Nissen, S. E., Pocock, S., Poulter, N. R., Ravn, L. S., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1603827 · Cited by 7,629 · cited 1×
“Excitingly, reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events was reported in human subjects treated with long-acting liraglutide and semaglutide (85, 86).”
BackgroundSemaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Marso, S. P., Bain, S. C., Consoli, A., Eliaschewitz, F. G., Jódar, E., Leiter, L. A., Lingvay, I., Rosenstock, J., Seufert, J., Warren, M. L., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1607141 · Cited by 6,900 · cited 1×
“Excitingly, reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events was reported in human subjects treated with long-acting liraglutide and semaglutide (85, 86).”
BackgroundA Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management
Pi-Sunyer, X., Astrup, A., Fujioka, K., Greenway, F., Halpern, A., Krempf, M., Lau, D. C. W., le Roux, C. W., Violante Ortiz, R., Jensen, C. B., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1411892 · Cited by 2,724
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Kurowski, M., Rekiel, K., Marcinkowska, A., Ratajczyk, O., Urbanowicz, P., Iwankiewicz, S., Grzelczak, W., & mierczak, Z. K. (2026) · Medical Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.2478/acb-2026-0005
Histoire des incrétines GLP-1/GIP – De l’hormone au médicament couteau-suisse
Portha, B. (2026) · Biologie Aujourd hui · doi:10.1051/jbio/2026005
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“GLP-1 delays gastric emptying, regulates glucose absorption, reduces postprandial glycemic excursions, improves skeletal muscle glucose uptake, activates brown adipose tissue, increasing energy expenditure, and has beneficial effects on cardiovascular health [11, 12, 15–17].”
Lee, E., Hatano, R., Takami, M., Fujimoto, M., Yoshikawa, H., Endo, Y., Koyama-Nasu, R., Onodera, A., Li, J., Rodriguez-Cuenca, S., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117822
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“21 The incidence of hypoglycemic events was infrequent, with no severe cases reported, consistent with the known safety pro fi les of this drug class.”
Therapie der Graft-versus-Host-Erkrankung
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Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates lipid metabolism through actions in the gut and liver
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“GLP-2 is a peptide hormone secreted by intestinal L cells that predominantly exerts its physiological effects to regulate intestinal function (Drucker et al., 2017).”
Foods as Modulators of GLP-1 Secretion
Ткаченко, Г. М., Kołodziejska, R., Rymuszka, A., Kamiński, P., & Kurhaluk, N. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18182995
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the treatment of diabetes
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Efsubaglutide Alfa: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Review
Zheng, H., Yan, R., Jiang, F., Li, Y., Prud’homme, G. J., & WANG, Q. (2026) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-026-01713-6
Gut-derived glucagon-like peptides attenuate T cell-induced intestinal injury
Koehler, J. A., Baggio, L. L., Cao, X., Shang, R., Yusta, B., Chi Kin, W. O. N. G., Matthews, D., Sandoval, D. A., & Drucker, D. J. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.103115
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Metadata
- Authors
- Drucker, D. J., Habener, J. F., & Holst, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Drucker, Daniel J.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2017-12-01
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4217-4227
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC5707151
- OpenAlex
- W2772059359
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 29
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs, Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP123391)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, enteroendocrine hormones, insulin secretion, glucoregulation, intestinal mucosal growth, short bowel syndrome
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Short Bowel Syndrome, Structure-Activity Relationship, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucagon-Like Peptide 2, Drug Discovery
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