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CESM1(WACCM) Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble Project
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Abstract This paper describes the Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble (GLENS) project, which promotes the use of a unique model dataset, performed with the Community Earth System Model, with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model as its atmospheric component [CESM1(WACCM)], to investigate global and regional impacts of geoengineering. The performed simulations were designed to achieve multiple simultaneous climate goals, by strategically placing sulfur injections at four different locations in the stratosphere, unlike many earlier studies that targeted globally averaged surface temperature by placing injections in regions at or around the equator. This advanced approach reduces some of the previously found adverse effects of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, including uneven cooling between the poles and the equator and shifts in tropical precipitation. The 20-member ensemble increases the ability to distinguish between forced changes and changes due to climate variability in global and regional climate variables in the coupled atmosphere, land, sea ice, and ocean system. We invite the broader community to perform in-depth analyses of climate-related impacts and to identify processes that lead to changes in the climate system as the result of a strategic application of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering.
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“This approach draws on the observed cooling effects of large explosive volcanic eruptions (McCormick et al., 1995; Robock, 2000) and has been shown in climate model simulations to reduce global mean surface temperatures relative to scenarios without such intervention (Tilmes et al., 2018; Kravitz et al., 2015).”
From Air quality impacts of stratospheric aerosol injections are likely small and mainly driven by changes in climate, not aerosol settling (2026) · cites this paper as Tilmes et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Longitude of injection has been assumed to be somewhat arbitrary in most simulations2,25, with longitudinal transport evenly dispersing aerosols zonally.”
From Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
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The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)
Danabasoglu, G., Lamarque, J., Bacmeister, J. T., Bailey, D. A., DuVivier, A. K., Edwards, J., Emmons, L. K., Fasullo, J., García, R. R., Gettelman, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2019ms001916 · Cited by 3,408
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Self-citationStratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment
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Visioni, D., MacMartin, D. G., Kravitz, B., Boucher, O., Jones, A., Lurton, T., Martine, M., Mills, M. J., Nabat, P., Niemeier, U., et al. (2021) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-21-10039-2021 · Cited by 145
Self-citationKravitz, B., MacMartin, D. G., Tilmes, S., Richter, J. H., Mills, M. J., Cheng, W., Dagon, K., Glanville, A. A., Lamarque, J., Simpson, I. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2019jd030329 · Cited by 141
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Tilmes, S., Richter, J. H., Kravitz, B., MacMartin, D. G., Mills, M. J., Simpson, I. R., Glanville, A. S., Fasullo, J. T., Phillips, A. S., Lamarque, J.-F., Tribbia, J., Edwards, J., Mickelson, S., & Ghosh, S.
- Affiliations
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
- ORCID
- Venue
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2361-2371
- ISSN
- 0003-0007 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0477
- OpenAlex
- W2803566343
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 12.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Keywords
- stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, solar geoengineering, large ensemble simulations, regional climate impacts, climate variability
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