CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 597Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchGeriatric Care and Nursing HomesArt Therapy and Mental Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 173 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Systematic Review of Psychological Approaches to the Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia

Open access
Livingston, Gill, Johnston, Kate, Katona, Cornelius, Paton, Joni, Lyketsos, Constantine G., Old Age Task Force of the World Federation of Biological Psychiatry·2005·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.1996
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors systematically reviewed the literature on psychological approaches to treating the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. METHOD: Reports of studies that examined effects of any therapy derived from a psychological approach that satisfied prespecified criteria were reviewed. Data were extracted, the quality of each study was rated, and an overall rating was given to each study by using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. RESULTS: A total of 1,632 studies were identified, and 162 satisfied the inclusion criteria for the review. Specific types of psychoeducation for caregivers about managing neuropsychiatric symptoms were effective treatments whose benefits lasted for months, but other caregiver interventions were not. Behavioral management techniques that are centered on individual patients' behavior or on caregiver behavior had similar benefits, as did cognitive stimulation. Music therapy and Snoezelen, and possibly sensory stimulation, were useful during the treatment session but had no longer-term effects; interventions that changed the visual environment looked promising, but more research is needed. CONCLUSIONS: Only behavior management therapies, specific types of caregiver and residential care staff education, and possibly cognitive stimulation appear to have lasting effectiveness for the management of dementia-associated neuropsychiatric symptoms. Lack of evidence regarding other therapies is not evidence of lack of efficacy. Conclusions are limited because of the paucity of high-quality research (only nine level-1 studies were identified). More high-quality investigation is needed.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.1996

Cites

173 of 173 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Korb C: The influence of music therapy on patients with a diagnosed dementia. Can J Music Therapy 1997; 5:26–54
  2. Ghatak R: Effects of an intervention program on dementia patients and their caregivers. Caring 1994; 13:34–39
  3. Kempenaar L, McNamara C, Creaney B: Sensory stimulation work with carers in the community. J Dementia Care 2001; 9:16–17
  4. Gorzelle GJ, Kaiser K, Camp CJ: Montessori-based training makes a difference for home health workers and their clients. Caring 2003; 22:40–42
  5. Webber P, Breuer W, Lindeman D: Alzheimer’s special care units vs integrated nursing homes: a comparison of resident outcomes. J Clin Geropsychol 1995; 1:189–205

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 597

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Livingston, G., Johnston, K., Katona, C., Paton, J., Lyketsos, C. G., & Old Age Task Force of the World Federation of Biological Psychiatry
Affiliations
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Livingston, Gill
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2005-11-01
Volume
162
Issue
11
Pages
1996-2021
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.1996
OpenAlex
W2150798548
Cited by
591
References
172
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 56
FWCI
3.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Art Therapy and Mental Health
Keywords
psychological intervention, caregiver interventions, cognitive stimulation therapy, music therapy, Snoezelen, sensory stimulation, long-term treatment effectiveness
MeSH terms
Behavior Therapy, Dementia, Humans, Person-Centered Psychotherapy, Patient Education as Topic, Psychotherapy, Research Design, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Caregivers, Guidelines as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review