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The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS): Final Development and Validation
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: A major barrier to developing treatments for negative symptoms has been measurement concerns with existing assessment tools. Fulfilling the top recommendation of the National Institute of Mental Health's Consensus Development Conference on Negative Symptoms, the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) was developed using an iterative, empirical approach, and includes items assessing motivation, pleasure, and emotion expression. The authors employed multiple analytic techniques to develop the CAINS and here provide final development and validation results. METHOD: The CAINS structure, interrater agreement, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity were assessed in a large and diverse sample of 162 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder recruited from four sites. RESULTS: Three items with poor psychometric properties were removed, resulting in a 13-item CAINS. The CAINS factor structure was replicated, demonstrating two modestly correlated scales: expression (four items) and motivation/pleasure (nine items). The scales demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest stability, and interrater agreement. Strong convergent validity was demonstrated by linkages with other negative symptom measures, self-report scales of sociality, pleasure, and motivation, and coded facial expressions. Discriminant validity was shown by independence from depression, medication side effects, and cognition. Notably, the CAINS scales were related to real-world vocational, independent living, and social/familial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The CAINS is an empirically developed and evaluated measure of negative symptoms. Findings indicate that the CAINS is brief yet comprehensive and employable across a wide range of research and clinical contexts.
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“Other forms of disorders, i.e. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, can be evaluated with screenings such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) [60], Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) [61], the Social Skills Performance Assessment (SSPA) [53], and several others that measure the effects of thought and mood disorders.”
From A Review of Automated Speech and Language Features for Assessment of Cognitive and Thought Disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
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“Novel measures, such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS; Kring et al., 2013) and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS; Kirkpatrick et al., 2011), have been developed to provide reliable assessment of the two dimensions of negative symptoms, but are more narrow in…”
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“Moreover, largely used scales for the assessment of negative symptoms have been criticized for the inclusion of items assessing neurocognition and the focus on behavioral aspects, as opposed to internal experience, which may lead to artefactual associations with functional outcome measures (28,29).”
The current conceptualization of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
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Inflammation Effects on Motivation and Motor Activity: Role of Dopamine
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“Still other studies found that greater negative symptoms severity as assessed by clinical interview measures such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Systems (CAINS; Kring et al, 2013) was associated with greater effort expenditure (McCarthy et al, 2016).”
ResultStrauss, G. P., Horan, W. P., Kirkpatrick, B. W., Fischer, B. A., Keller, W. R., Miski, P., Buchanan, R. W., Green, M. F., & Carpenter, W. T. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.015 · Cited by 424
Self-citationThe motivation and pleasure dimension of negative symptoms: Neural substrates and behavioral outputs
Kring, A. M., & Barch, D. M. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.007 · Cited by 373
“However, conceptual and empirical reviews of newer (e.g., CAINS; (Kring et al., 2013) or BNSS (Strauss et al., 2012)) and older (e.g., SANS; (Andreasen, 1982)) interviewbased measures of negative symptoms indicate that a twofactor model more parsimoniously describes the negative symptoms (Blanchard…”
Self-citationMillan, M. J., Fone, K. C. F., Steckler, T., & Horan, W. P. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.03.008 · Cited by 376
“These new instruments represent significant advances compared to older scales like the composite and widely-used: (1) Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), of which the relevant subscale fails to fully cover the whole gamut of NS and (2) Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) which, like the PANNS, i…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEmotion deficits in people with schizophrenia
Kring, A. M., & Elis, O. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185538 · Cited by 318
“Similarly, people with schizophrenia contract their corrugator muscle (brow muscle that is contracted when frowning) more when viewing negative stimuli than when viewing positive stimuli (Kring & Earnst 2003; Kring et al. 1999; Wolf et al. 2004, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationValidity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum
Kotov, R., Jonas, K. G., Carpenter, W. T., Dretsch, M. N., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Hobbs, K. A., Reininghaus, U., Slade, T. N., et al. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20730 · Cited by 330
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“Factor analyses have shown that the classical 5 symptoms weigh on 2 factors: (1) reduced emotional expression (blunted affect, alogia) and (2) reduced motivation and pleasure (avolition, anhedonia, asociality).(2,3) In fact, avolition as the clinical correlate of reward system deficits has been proposed as the core ne…”
BackgroundMethodFoussias, G., Agid, O., Fervaha, G., & Remington, G. J. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.017 · Cited by 250
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“The hierarchy for negative symptomswas 1) the negative scale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS 2 ajp.psychiatryonline.org ajp in Advance negative) (38), 2) the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) (39), and 3) the BPRS negative subscore (“negative subscore” or “withdrawal/retardation s…”
BackgroundEPA guidance on assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Dollfus, S., Nordentoft, M., Falkai, P., Kaiser, S., Giordano, G. M., Vandevelde, A., Nielsen, M. Ø., Glenthøj, L. B., et al. (2021) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.11 · Cited by 249
“The development of CAINSwas based on data-driven iterative process leading to several successive versions [29,30,148].”
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The relationship between negative symptoms and depression in schizophrenia: a systematic review
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“Loss of energy (8,9, 10, 11) Func oning requires increased effort (8,9, 10) Loss of interest in ac vi es (8,9, 10, 11) Reluctant to engage in new ac vi es (7) Reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work (14) Diminished interest or par cipa on in significant ac vi es (16) Takes pleasure in few,…”
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Self-citationStructure of the psychotic disorders classification in DSM‐5
Heckers, S., Barch, D. M., Bustillo, J., Gäebel, W., Gur, R. E., Malaspina, D., Owen, M. J., Schultz, S. K., Tandon, R., Tsuang, M. T., et al. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.039 · Cited by 227
“Two negative symptoms have been highlighted as particularly prominent: diminished emotional expression and avolition (Blanchard and Cohen, 2006; Messinger et al., 2011; Kring et al., 2013).”
Self-citationThe latent structure of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Strauss, G. P., Nuñez, A., Ahmed, A. O., Barchard, K. A., Granholm, E., Kirkpatrick, B., Gold, J. M., & Allen, D. N. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2475 · Cited by 204
Amotivation in Schizophrenia: Integrated Assessment With Behavioral, Clinical, and Imaging Measures
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Treatment of negative symptoms: Where do we stand, and where do we go?
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“Better assessment of negative symptoms using recently developed instruments may be helpful in this regard (e.g., Kring et al., 2013; Dollfus et al., 2016).”
MethodElis, O., Caponigro, J. M., & Kring, A. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.001 · Cited by 191
“Using negative symptom assessments that measure each of the five agreed upon symptom domains and systematically measures experience and behavior, such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (Kring et al., 2013) or the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (Kirkpatrick et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAleman, A., Enriquez‐Geppert, S., Knegtering, H., & Lange, J. J. D.-D. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.009 · Cited by 163
“In addition, in recent years measures have been developed that also assess experiential aspects of negative symptoms, e.g. CAINS (Kring et al., 2013) and BNNS (Kirkpatrick et al., 2011).”
Oxytocin-Augmented Social Cognitive Skills Training in Schizophrenia
Davis, M. C., Green, M. F., Lee, J., Horan, W. P., Senturk, D., Clarke, A. D., & Marder, S. R. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.68 · Cited by 149
Self-citationEffort-Based Decision Making: A Novel Approach for Assessing Motivation in Schizophrenia:
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., Barch, D. M., & Gold, J. M. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv071 · Cited by 148
Self-citationSelf-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms: A Novel Tool to Assess Negative Symptoms
Dollfus, S., Mach, C., & Morello, R. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv161 · Cited by 148
Campellone, T. R., Sanchez, A. H., & Kring, A. M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw026 · Cited by 142
“Our inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) article written or translated in English (2 studies excluded), (2) article was an empirical study published in a peer-reviewed journal (4 studies excluded), (3) article included a negative symptom or functional outcome measure (10 studies excluded), (4) article included peop…”
Self-citationCross-cultural Validation of the 5-Factor Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Ahmed, A. O., Kirkpatrick, B., Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Rossi, A., Bertolino, A., Rocca, P., Maj, M., Kaiser, S., Bischof, M., et al. (2019) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby050 · Cited by 127
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“Overall, the inclusion of only 13 items for six domains might represent a limitation of the scale, especially for clinical trials, unless it is confirmed that the inclusion of a reduced number of items has psychometric advantages, as it was demonstrated for both SANS [30] and the final version of the CAINS [28].”
BackgroundPrimary and persistent negative symptoms: Concepts, assessments and neurobiological bases
Mucci, A., Merlotti, E., Üçok, A., Aleman, A., & Galderisi, S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.014 · Cited by 141
“…Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Negative SymptomAssessment Scale (NSA) ormore recent, validated instruments like the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS, Kirkpatrick et al., 2011; Mucci et al., 2015b) and the Clinical Assessment Inventory for Negative Symptoms (CAINS, Kring et al., 2013) can be used.”
Prediction of disability in schizophrenia: Symptoms, cognition, and self-assessment
Harvey, P. D., Strassnig, M., & Silberstein, J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719865693 · Cited by 157
Network Analysis Reveals the Latent Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Strauss, G. P., Esfahlani, F. Z., Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Rossi, A., Bucci, P., Rocca, P., Maj, M., Kirkpatrick, B. W., Ruiz, I., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby133 · Cited by 129
“For example, 2 studies attempted to validate the 2-factor structure using Korean19 and Chinese20 translations of the CAINS.”
MethodInfluentialKumari, S., MPH, M., Malik, M. A., Florival, C., Manalai, P., MD, & Sonje, S. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000324 · Cited by 126
“It also demonstrated greater convergent validity than the BPRS and SANS for negative symptoms (Kring, 2010) [35].”
BackgroundInefficient effort allocation and negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia
McCarthy, J. M., Treadway, M. T., Bennett, M. E., & Blanchard, J. J. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.017 · Cited by 131
“The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS; Blanchard et al., 2011; Horan et al., 2011; Kring et al., 2013) was used to assess negative symptoms.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationGPS mobility as a digital biomarker of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a case control study
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“3) PANSS Negative [7–49] 16.”
InfluentialSelf-citationFleischhacker, W., Galderisi, S., Laszlovszky, I., Szatmári, B., Barabássy, Á., Acsai, K., Szalai, E., Harsányi, J., Earley, W. R., Patel, M., et al. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.01.015 · Cited by 115
“Unlike some psychometric scales that directly measure anhedonia in schizophrenia [13,16,42], no specific PANSS item evaluates anhedonia, which limits the ability of this scale to assess change in this key construct.”
BackgroundIndividual negative symptoms and domains – Relevance for assessment, pathomechanisms and treatment
Kaiser, S., Lyne, J., Agartz, I., Clarke, M., Mørch-Johnsen, L. E., & Færden, A. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.013 · Cited by 114
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Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Newly emerging measurements, pathways, and treatments
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Effort Cost Computation in Schizophrenia: A Commentary on the Recent Literature
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“Treadway et al. (25) observed that the choices of patients with lower scores on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (26) were more influenced by EV than patients with higher scores.”
MethodMartin, L. A. L., Koch, S. C., Hirjak, D., & Fuchs, T. A. E. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00483 · Cited by 104
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A Review of Automated Speech and Language Features for Assessment of Cognitive and Thought Disorders
Voleti, R., Liss, J. M., & Berisha, V. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2019.2952087 · Cited by 96
“…i.e. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, can be evaluated with screenings such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) [60], Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) [61], the Social Skills Performance Assessment (SSPA) [53], and several others that measure the effects of…”
Current developments and challenges in the assessment of negative symptoms
Lincoln, T. M., Dollfus, S., & Lyne, J. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.035 · Cited by 96
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“Consistentwith findings in people with schizophrenia (Blanchard and Cohen, 2006; Kring et al., 2013; Foussias and Remington, 2010), we replicated the two-factor solution of negative symptoms in our CHR sample, which explained a total of 42.89% of the variance.”
InfluentialValidating dimensions of psychosis symptomatology: Neural correlates and 20-year outcomes.
Kotov, R., Foti, D., Li, K., Bromet, E. J., Hajcak, G., & Ruggero, C. J. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000188 · Cited by 97
“Of note, there likely is some conceptual overlap between such functional measures and apathy/asociality symptoms (Blanchard et al., 2011; Kring et al., 2013), which may explain this effect at least in part.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExplicit and implicit reinforcement learning across the psychosis spectrum.
Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Gold, J. M., Johnson, S. L., Kring, A. M., MacDonald, A. W., Pizzagalli, D. A., Ragland, J. D., Silverstein, S. M., & Strauss, M. E. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000259 · Cited by 97
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Automated computerized analysis of speech in psychiatric disorders
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“There is no question that these negative symptomrating scales, and those developed more recently (e.g., Kirkpatrick et al., 2011; Kring et al., 2013) have been instrumental in attempts to understand schizophrenia.”
BackgroundOxytocin effects in schizophrenia: Reconciling mixed findings and moving forward
Bradley, E., & Woolley, J. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.007 · Cited by 92
“The BNSS and CAINS have consistently shown a similar factor structure (Marder and Kirkpatrick, 2014), and evidence supports their inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, and external validity (Kring et al., 2013).”
Granholm, E. L., Holden, J. L., & Worley, M. J. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx099 · Cited by 89
Defining and measuring negative symptoms of schizophrenia in clinical trials
Marder, S. R., & Kirkpatrick, B. W. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.016 · Cited by 88
“This led to a second study (Kring et al., 2013) for evaluating a 16 item version in 162 patients.”
Developing Concepts in Negative Symptoms
Kirkpatrick, B. W. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13049su1c.01 · Cited by 86
Ahmed, A. O., Strauss, G. P., Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B. W., & Carpenter, W. T. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.004 · Cited by 86
Strauss, G. P., Ahmed, A. O., Young, J. W., & Kirkpatrick, B. W. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby169 · Cited by 86
A large European, multicenter, multinational validation study of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale
Mucci, A., Vignapiano, A., Bitter, I., Austin, S. F., Delouche, C., Dollfus, S., Erfurth, A., Fleischhacker, W. W., Giordano, G. M., Олегович, Г. И., et al. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.05.006 · Cited by 85
Cooper, J. A., Barch, D. M., Reddy, L. F., Horan, W. P., Green, M. F., & Treadway, M. T. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000443 · Cited by 85
Self-citationSabé, M., Chen, C., Perez, N., Solmi, M., Mucci, A., Galderisi, S., Strauss, G. P., & Kaiser, S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104979 · Cited by 87
“796; 80; 2016) (Kring et al., 2013), #2 ‘primary and secondary negative symptoms’ (S=0.”
Backgroundder Heiden, W. A., Leber, A., & Häfner, H. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0697-2 · Cited by 84
“The psychometric validation of the recently developed ‘Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms’ (CAINS) [55, 56] has yielded two fairly independent factors: ‘expression’ and ‘motivation/pleasure’.”
MethodStruckmann, W., Bodén, R., Gingnell, M., Fällmar, D., & Persson, J. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103028 · Cited by 84
“For analysis of the clinical data, CAINS scores from the different time points (baseline vs. follow-up) were entered in an LME model with the factor group (active vs. sham) as fixed effect, testing for different trajectories between the groups indicated by a time × group interaction effect.”
MethodInfluentialBlanchard, J. J., Park, S. G., Catalano, L. T., & Bennett, M. E. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.019 · Cited by 82
“, 2012) and assessed the twomajor domains characterizing negative symptoms, namelymotivation and pleasure (MAP) symptoms and expressive (EXP) negative symptoms (Kring et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationNeural substrates underlying effort computation in schizophrenia
Fervaha, G., Foussias, G., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.001 · Cited by 86
Kaneko, K. (2018) · Yonago acta medica · doi:10.33160/yam.2018.06.001 · Cited by 84
Cicero, D. C., Jonas, K. G., Li, K., Perlman, G., & Kotov, R. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz005 · Cited by 84
Motivational Deficits in Schizophrenia and the Representation of Expected Value
Waltz, J. A., & Gold, J. M. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_385 · Cited by 84
“Validation studies (Kring et al., 2013; Strauss et al., 2012) have demonstrated that these measures show good convergent validity in their relationships with other symptom rating scales, but are not redundant with them (for more detail on these newer assessment tools, please read the chapter by Reddy, Horan, and Green…”
BackgroundDigital AVATAR therapy for distressing voices in psychosis: the phase 2/3 AVATAR2 trial
Garety, P. A., Edwards, C., Jafari, H., Emsley, R., Huckvale, M. A., Rus‐Calafell, M., Fornells‐Ambrojo, M., Gumley, A. I., Haddock, G., Bucci, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03252-8 · Cited by 77
Electroretinographic anomalies in schizophrenia.
Demmin, D. L., Davis, C. Q., Roché, M. W., & Silverstein, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000347 · Cited by 77
Chue, P. S., & Lalonde, J. K. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s43404 · Cited by 77
Mote, J., Minzenberg, M., Carter, C. S., & Kring, A. M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.048 · Cited by 76
“Itwill be informative to assess the linkage between dispositional anticipatory and consummatory pleasure and symptom-level anticipatory and consummatory pleasure in future studies using measures that distinguish these types of pleasure, such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS; Kring et a…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationA review of negative symptom assessment strategies in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis
Strauss, G. P., Pelletier‐Baldelli, A., Visser, K. F., Walker, E. F., & Mittal, V. A. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.019 · Cited by 75
Girgis, R. R., Zoghbi, A. W., Javitt, D. C., & Lieberman, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.006 · Cited by 75
Silberstein, J., & Harvey, P. D. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918001414 · Cited by 76
Working Memory Impairment Across Psychotic disorders
Gold, J. M., Barch, D. M., Feuerstahler, L. M., Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. W., Ragland, J. D., Silverstein, S. M., Strauss, M. E., & Luck, S. J. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby134 · Cited by 71
Clinical management of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: An update
Tsapakis, E.-M., Dimopoulou, T., & Tarazi, F. I. (2015) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.008 · Cited by 76
“The CAINS developed by Kring et al. (2013) represents a novel and important addition to the scales available for assessing NSS.”
MethodApathy in schizophrenia: A review of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical studies
Bortolon, C., Macgregor, A., Capdevielle, D., & Raffard, S. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.033 · Cited by 69
Cella, M., Roberts, S., Pillny, M., Riehle, M., O'Donoghue, B. N., Lyne, J., Tomlin, P., Valmaggia, L., & Preti, A. (2023) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2023.21 · Cited by 75
“78 These dimensional accounts are reflected in a new generation of assessment tools that are increasingly used in research studies such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms 79 and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale.”
InfluentialIssues in Selection of Instruments to Measure Negative Symptoms
Daniel, D. G. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.005 · Cited by 70
“…5 negative symptomdomains and thus far have demonstrated mostly promising inter-rater and test–retest reliability, convergent and divergent validity and functional correlations (Forbes, Blanchard et al., 2010; Horan et al., 2011; Kirkpatrick et al., 2011; Strauss et al., 2012a; Kring et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPharmacological treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Möller, H., & Czobor, P. (2015) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0596-y · Cited by 69
“This program has yielded two instruments: the Brief Negative Symptom Rating Scale (BNSS) [40] and the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) [4, 42].”
MethodLinking resting‐state networks and social cognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Jimenez, A. M., Riedel, P., Lee, J., Reavis, E. A., & Green, M. F. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24731 · Cited by 70
Ocklenburg, S., Güntürkün, O., Hugdahl, K., & Hirnstein, M. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.019 · Cited by 68
Zou, Y.-M., Ni, K., Wang, Y., Yu, E. Y., Lui, S. S. Y., Zhou, F., Yang, H., Cohen, A. S., Strauss, G. P., Cheung, E. F. C., et al. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.316 · Cited by 71
Harvey, P. D. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.022 · Cited by 67
“The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS): final development and validation.”
BackgroundFurther validation of the ACIPS as a measure of social hedonic response
Gooding, D. C., & Pflum, M. J. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.009 · Cited by 66
“There are some new developments in the assessment of anhedonia, including the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS; Kring et al., 2013) and its self-report version, the Motivation and Pleasure Scale (MAP-SR; Llerena et al., 2013).”
InfluentialSpanish adaptation and validation of the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale
Mané, A., García‐Rizo, C., García‐Portilla, M. P., Bergé, D., Sugranyes, G., García-Álvarez, L., Bernardo, M., Bobes, J., & Fernández-Egea, E. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.024 · Cited by 66
“Both measures have shown strong inter-rater, test–retest and internal consistency properties in English [3–5].”
BackgroundStrauss, G. P., & Gold, J. M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw046 · Cited by 65
Are Negative Symptoms Merely the “Real World” Consequences of Deficits in Social Cognition?
Pelletier‐Baldelli, A., & Holt, D. J. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz095 · Cited by 64
Digital phenotyping of negative symptoms: the relationship to clinician ratings
Cohen, A. S., Schwartz, E. K., Le, T. P., Cowan, T., Kirkpatrick, B. W., Raugh, I. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa065 · Cited by 65
“12 From a psychometric perspective, clinical ratings are the “gold standard” for measuring negative symptoms, as they show adequate to excellent inter-rater and test-retest reliability and convergent/discriminant validity with various functional, cognitive, neurobiological and clinical measures.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kring, A. M., Gur, R. E., Blanchard, J. J., Horan, W. P., & Reise, S. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 170
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 165-172
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC3785242
- OpenAlex
- W2131925003
- Cited by
- 726
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 24
- FWCI
- 38.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh082782-03, 5r01mh082890-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R01MH082890, R01-MH082890, R01-MH082782, R01MH082839, R01MH082783, 1R01MH082782)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- negative symptoms, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, motivation, pleasure, emotional expression, interview assessment, psychometric validation, factor structure, convergent validity, discriminant validity, vocational functioning, independent living, social functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Outpatients, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors, Volition, Reproducibility of Results, Expressed Emotion, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Pleasure, Anhedonia
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